When Rome was founded from the Christian perspective.

“You act like mortals in all that you fear, and like immortals in all that you desire.”

Seneca

THE CORVUS BOARDING BRIDGE

The Battle of Mylae, fought in 260 BC off the coast of Sicily, marked a crucial turning point in the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage.

Rome, a formidable land power, lacked significant naval experience.

Carthage, a maritime power, possessed a well-equipped and experienced navy.

Faced with the need to challenge Carthaginian dominance, the Romans embarked on an ambitious shipbuilding program. They constructed a fleet of warships, incorporating a novel boarding device known as the "corvus."

The corvus was a large, heavy beam with a sharp iron spike at one end. It was mounted on the prow of Roman ships. In battle, the corvus would be lowered onto the deck of an enemy ship, effectively creating a bridge for Roman soldiers to board and engage in hand-to-hand combat. This transformed naval battles into land battles, where the Romans, with their superior infantry tactics, held a significant advantage.

Commanded by Consul Gaius Duilius, the Roman fleet, despite its inexperience, engaged the Carthaginian navy near Mylae.

The battle was fierce. The Carthaginian ships, known for their maneuverability and seamanship, initially had the advantage. The Romans, employing the corvus, successfully boarded enemy ships. The ensuing fighting favored the Romans, who were skilled in close-quarters combat.

The Carthaginians suffered heavy losses. Many of their ships were either captured or sunk. The Battle of Mylae resulted in a decisive Roman victory. It demonstrated the effectiveness of the corvus and proved that Rome could effectively challenge Carthaginian naval power.

ANTIOCHUS THE FOURTH IN EGYPT

The year was 168 BC. Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid king of Syria, stood triumphant on the sands of Egypt. His army had swept across the land, toppling the weakened Ptolemaic dynasty. Alexandria, the jewel of the Mediterranean, lay at his feet. Yet, his victory was short-lived.

A lone figure emerged from the Roman camp, an envoy named Gaius Popillius Laenas. He carried a stark message from the Roman Senate: withdraw from Egypt immediately, or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus, consumed by his ambition, hesitated. He sought time to consider, to weigh his options.

Laenas, however, was unyielding. He drew a circle in the sand around Antiochus, a stark symbol of Rome's uncompromising demand. "Before you step out of that circle," he declared, "give me your answer."

The weight of Rome's power pressed down on Antiochus. He knew that to defy the rising empire would be to court disaster. With a heavy heart, he uttered the single word, "I will withdraw."

And so, Antiochus relinquished his conquest, his dreams of empire shattered by the Roman envoy. He turned his back on Egypt, his army marching north, leaving behind a land forever altered by the shadow of Rome.

Not ATM. Maybe in the future🟠

🔥󠅓󠅑󠅣󠅘󠅥󠄲󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅤󠅕󠄳󠄺󠅟󠅔󠄸󠅂󠅧󠅓󠅪󠅟󠅦󠄼󠄢󠄡󠅠󠅒󠅞󠅁󠅥󠅒󠅇󠅜󠅥󠅑󠅇󠄺󠅠󠅔󠄸󠄽󠅥󠅉󠄢󠄶󠅪󠅑󠄳󠄩󠄳󠅑󠅈󠅂󠅚󠅒󠄢󠅜󠅥󠅉󠅈󠅆󠅚󠅓󠄢󠄶󠄠󠅉󠅈󠅃󠄲󠅟󠅝󠄶󠅠󠅃󠄱󠄲󠅁󠄲󠅆󠄴󠅧󠅃󠅅󠄶󠄷󠅉󠅈󠄳󠄵󠅠󠄷󠄶󠅘󠄳󠄷󠄶󠅪󠅕󠄵󠄲󠅜󠄾󠅪󠅂󠅝󠄿󠄴󠅔󠅝󠅊󠅇󠄽󠄡󠄽󠅝󠅅󠄢󠅊󠅝󠅆󠅛󠅉󠄢󠄹󠅪󠅊󠅄󠅗󠄤󠅊󠄴󠅔󠅙󠄿󠄴󠄵󠅩󠄿󠄴󠅂󠅝󠅉󠅚󠅜󠅚󠄽󠅚󠄵󠄢󠅊󠅝󠅁󠄠󠅉󠅪󠅉󠅧󠄿󠄴󠅉󠄤󠄽󠅄󠄵󠄥󠄽󠅝󠅉󠅨󠄽󠅄󠅉󠅧󠅉󠄢󠄹󠅧󠅊󠄷󠄹󠅨󠄽󠄷󠄽󠅪󠅉󠅇󠄾󠅉󠄹󠅁󠄻󠄸󠄸󠄤󠅛󠅉󠄸󠄦󠅙󠅡󠄶󠄿󠄲󠅡󠄿󠅨󠄹󠄵󠅔󠅨󠅇󠄹󠅕󠅁󠅒󠄻󠅆󠄨󠅧󠄿󠄥󠄾󠅙󠄻󠅥󠅦󠅄󠄤󠅟󠄹󠅠󠄤󠄲󠅇󠄶󠅛󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅜󠅇󠄳󠄴󠅨󠄩󠅑󠅢󠄾󠅅󠅨󠅄󠄽󠄸󠅜󠅣󠅩󠄦󠄳󠄼󠄳󠄤󠄴󠄧󠅒󠅙󠅜󠅥󠅆󠄢󠄤󠅅󠅩󠅏󠄣󠅜󠄨󠅖󠅓󠄵󠅡󠄴󠄲󠄿󠄤󠅊󠅇󠄶󠅪󠅇󠄳󠄱󠅉󠄽󠅛󠅉󠄿󠅖󠅁󠄱󠅏󠅚󠅔󠅪󠅏󠄽󠅂󠄺󠅔󠅕󠅠󠅇󠅦󠅞󠅜󠅘󠅞󠅘󠄸󠅧󠅥󠅜󠄠󠄸󠅔󠄨󠄧󠅟󠄻󠄽󠅗󠅓󠅖󠄺󠅇󠄶󠅩󠅇󠄳󠄲󠅈󠄽󠄴󠄸󠅉󠄵󠅜󠅗󠅧󠅇󠄥󠄦󠅘󠄥󠅂󠄣󠅘󠅂󠅑󠄸󠄵󠄤󠅜󠅦󠅏󠄸󠅛󠄾󠅚󠅉󠄽󠅖󠄣󠅖󠅀󠄢󠄽󠄥󠅖󠅉󠅒󠅥󠅡󠅂󠅘󠅉󠅁󠄺󠅘󠅓󠄣󠅘󠄱󠄿󠄷󠄹󠅩󠅊󠅝󠅅󠄡󠅉󠅝󠅁󠅧󠄾󠄴󠄵󠄣󠄾󠅝󠄾󠅛󠅉󠅪󠅛󠅪󠅊󠅝󠅅󠄥󠅉󠅚󠅊󠅜󠅉󠅪󠄽󠄤󠅊󠅄󠄽󠄤󠄾󠅄󠄱󠄥󠅊󠅇󠄺󠅚󠅊󠅝󠄾󠅝󠄽󠅇󠅉󠄥󠄾󠄴󠄾󠅜󠄾󠅪󠅜󠅘󠅊󠄴󠄶󠅝󠄾󠄷󠄺󠅛󠄾󠅄󠅛󠅩󠅉󠅚󠄹󠅪󠅊󠄴󠅂󠅝󠅊󠄷󠄶󠅚󠅇󠄳󠄵󠄴󠅝󠄼󠅝󠄴󠅘󠅩󠅇󠄿󠄻󠅃󠅕󠅙󠄽󠅛󠅘󠅛󠄷󠅈󠅚󠅗󠅃󠅜󠅚󠄠󠅟󠅦󠄾󠅓󠅄󠅘󠅆󠅜󠅙󠄻󠄶󠄹󠅨󠅞󠄧󠅦󠅛󠅄󠄺󠅘󠅊󠄻󠄾󠅘󠅊󠅆󠅗󠅗󠅥󠅤󠅥󠅗󠅀󠄽󠅉󠅊󠅘󠅝󠅀󠄲󠅑󠄹󠄼󠅄󠅤󠅕󠅒󠄴󠅃󠄡󠅘󠅁󠅂󠄾󠅏󠅩󠄤󠅖󠄩󠅔󠄣󠄲󠄲󠄠󠄩󠅘󠅁󠅞󠅞󠅒󠅠󠅘󠅓󠄡󠅗󠅗󠄺󠄾󠅞󠅨󠅛󠅄󠄤󠅂󠅏󠅨󠄤󠅉󠅤󠅜󠅤󠅉󠅅󠅑󠅝󠄨󠄴󠄴󠅏󠅄󠅩󠄤󠄧󠄦󠄵󠄼󠅊󠅆󠅥󠄝󠄼󠅢󠅜󠅖󠅑󠅞󠄹󠄶󠅜󠅘󠅓󠅜󠅗󠅗󠅧󠄶󠄦󠅪󠅚󠅜󠅅󠄠󠅚󠄴󠅂󠅇󠅥󠄦󠅇󠅧󠅚󠄤󠄣󠅥󠄠󠄩󠄵󠅔󠄥󠅘󠅣󠄩󠅉󠄝󠄡󠅠󠅅󠅜󠄾󠅇󠄵󠄸󠅅󠄳󠅔󠅒󠄿󠅛󠅉󠅇󠄵󠄲󠅉󠅈󠄾󠄤󠅁󠄴󠅔󠅘󠄾󠅝󠄹󠄣󠄾󠄢󠅉󠅨󠅉󠅄󠅜󠅜󠄾󠄢󠄶󠅛󠅉󠅪󠅓󠅨󠄿󠅇󠄺󠅚󠅊󠄴󠄱󠅪󠄽󠅪󠅓󠄠󠄿󠅇󠅁󠄠󠄾󠅄󠅂󠅚󠅉󠅄󠄺󠅛󠄾󠅪󠄽󠄢󠄾󠄢󠄵󠄢󠄾󠅚󠄱󠄤󠄾󠄴󠄽󠅩󠄾󠅚󠅔󠅜󠄿󠄷󠅅󠄢󠄽󠅝󠅊󠅛󠄽󠅇󠅊󠅛󠄽󠅄󠅘󠅙󠅊󠅚󠄺󠅘󠅉󠄡󠅗󠅘󠄱󠅘󠄨󠄤󠅢󠄶󠅆󠅓󠄱󠅄󠄾󠄴󠄥󠅘󠄥󠅞󠄳󠄢󠅀󠅦󠅚󠅆󠅅󠅤󠄸󠄷󠄝󠄦󠅅󠅝󠅙󠄺󠄾󠅑󠄡󠄡󠅣󠄹󠅢󠅨󠄾󠄳󠄧󠄹󠅉󠅇󠅃󠅚󠅉󠅇󠅆󠅉󠄹󠄹󠄩󠄦󠅖󠅔󠅢󠅕󠅉󠅅󠄩󠄸󠄴󠄠󠅂󠅒󠅟󠅏󠅩󠅝󠅟󠅡󠄨󠄽󠅘󠄾󠄲󠄣󠄦󠅄󠄱󠄠󠄷󠄺󠄥󠅩󠄲󠅢󠅄󠅚󠄦󠅠󠅞󠅄󠅉󠅈󠄾󠅉󠄹󠄽󠄥󠅉󠄩󠄽󠄥󠅑󠅘󠄻󠄤󠄺󠄼󠄨󠅝󠅠󠅁󠄧󠅈󠅜󠄷󠅅󠅇󠅚󠅔󠅖󠄾󠄤󠅊󠄽󠅙󠅔󠄹󠅣󠅤󠄾󠄷󠅪󠄡󠅗󠅅󠅞󠅓󠄡󠅉󠅈󠄺󠅉󠄹󠅀󠅃󠄵󠄺󠅝󠄻󠅚󠄶󠄡󠄺󠅞󠅇󠄡󠅕󠄻󠄦󠅇󠄺󠅕󠄦󠅅󠅧󠅑󠅠󠅔󠅜󠅞󠅖󠄲󠅙󠅘󠄹󠄤󠅇󠅪󠄣󠅏󠄦󠅝󠅁󠄝󠄨󠅀󠅠󠄷󠄶󠅘󠄱󠅇󠄶󠅪󠅕󠄵󠄲󠅝󠄽󠄷󠅆󠅘󠅊󠅇󠄶󠅝󠄾󠄷󠄶󠅘󠅊󠅄󠄱󠄢󠄽󠄷󠄽󠄢󠄽󠅝󠅆󠅜󠄾󠅇󠄹󠄡󠄽󠅚󠅊󠅝󠄽󠄢󠄵󠄢󠅊󠄴󠄹󠅪󠄽󠄷󠅁󠅨󠅊󠅄󠄽󠅧󠄽󠅝󠄶󠅝󠄿󠅇󠅆󠅘󠅉󠅄󠅅󠅪󠄿󠅄󠅓󠄥󠄾󠅇󠅁󠅨󠄽󠅝󠄶󠅛󠅊󠄴󠅁󠄡󠄿󠅄󠄲󠅝󠄾󠄴󠅅󠄣󠅉󠅇󠄾󠅉󠄹󠅁󠄿󠅨󠄥󠄺󠅡󠄢󠄴󠅑󠄼󠅡󠅚󠅞󠅄󠄝󠄸󠄵󠅟󠅂󠄧󠄦󠅤󠅏󠄱󠄲󠄝󠄻󠄡󠅙󠅓󠄠󠅘󠅟󠄻󠄦󠅔󠅄󠅂󠄲󠅇󠅝󠅏󠅑󠄠󠄢󠄶󠅛󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅜󠅇󠄳󠄲󠅔󠅑󠄷󠄡󠄱󠅧󠄡󠅡󠅝󠄡󠅥󠅀󠄽󠅉󠅛󠄷󠄽󠅃󠅑󠅓󠅞󠄼󠅓󠅢󠄧󠄧󠅘󠅂󠅈󠅂󠅜󠄤󠅩󠅝󠅏󠅞󠅡󠅁󠄻󠅂󠅤󠄣󠄢󠄶󠅪󠅇󠄳󠄳󠅀󠅒󠄝󠅩󠅅󠄝󠄢󠅡󠄹󠅆󠅠󠄸󠅆󠄽󠅚󠄨󠄽󠅈󠄱󠅂󠄢󠅀󠄻󠅙󠅒󠄦󠅧󠅪󠄠󠅩󠅖󠄣󠅝󠅉󠄸󠅑󠄽󠅣󠅂󠅤󠄨󠄽󠅇󠄶󠅩󠅇󠄳󠄱󠅑󠄹󠄳󠅚󠄨󠅩󠄥󠅔󠅟󠄨󠅨󠅈󠅃󠄸󠄿󠄧󠅥󠄵󠅨󠄲󠄩󠅝󠅓󠅣󠅚󠅥󠄧󠄧󠅠󠄤󠄡󠄡󠄨󠅘󠅙󠅇󠄸󠅅󠄵󠅜󠄹󠅛󠅧 grab this ecash.

I will struggle and overcome.

🧡💜

NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSSUS

Nero Claudius Drusus, often referred to as Drusus the Elder, was a prominent Roman general and statesman during the reign of Emperor Augustus. He was the younger brother of Tiberius and the stepson of Augustus, placing him firmly within the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero Claudius Drusus was married to Antonia Minor.

Antonia was the daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, making her the niece of Emperor Augustus.

Drusus is best known for his military campaigns in Germania. He led several successful expeditions across the Rhine River, expanding Roman influence significantly. Drusus conquered numerous Germanic tribes, including the Sicambri, Frisii, Chauci, and Chatti. He established a network of forts and roads in Germania, solidifying Roman control over the conquered territories. He conducted naval operations on the North Sea, demonstrating Roman dominance in the region.

These military successes earned him widespread respect and admiration within Rome. Drusus's impact extended beyond military victories. He played a crucial role in consolidating Roman power in the early years of the Principate, contributing to the stability and expansion of the Roman Empire.

However, his career was tragically cut short. While campaigning in Germania, he suffered a fatal fall from his horse. His death was a significant loss for Augustus and the Roman state. Drusus's legacy continued through his children. His son, Germanicus, followed in his footsteps as a renowned general, while another son, Claudius, eventually ascended to the Roman throne.

TEMPLE OF JUPITER AT HELIOPOLIS

Baalbek, first century CE. Emperor Augustus, seeking to solidify Roman rule in the East, had commissioned the construction of a temple that would dwarf any other in the empire. It was to be a monument to Roman power, a testament to the gods, and a beacon of civilization in this far-flung corner of the empire.

Years passed, and the temple began to rise from the ground. Immense blocks of stone, some weighing tens of tons, were hauled across the unforgiving landscape, a testament to the ingenuity and sheer manpower of the Roman engineers. Skilled masons, sculptors, and artisans meticulously carved intricate details, adorning the temple with exquisite reliefs and sculptures.

The temple of Jupiter Baal, as it came to be known, was a masterpiece of Roman architecture. Fifty-four colossal Corinthian columns, each towering over 20 meters high, supported the massive roof. The temple complex itself was a sprawling marvel, encompassing courtyards, sanctuaries, and auxiliary buildings.

For centuries, the temple stood as a symbol of Roman dominance. Pilgrims flocked from across the empire to witness its grandeur, and elaborate ceremonies were held to honor the gods.

BATTLE OF CARRHAE

The year was 53 BC, and the Roman legions, led by the wealthy and ambitious Marcus Licinius Crassus, marched east, their shields glinting in the Mesopotamian sun. Crassus, one of the First Triumvirate alongside Pompey and Caesar, craved military glory and sought to emulate his rivals' triumphs. His target: the Parthian Empire, a vast and powerful realm stretching across the deserts of the East.

The Parthians, however, were no ordinary foe. Their armies were a whirlwind of mounted warriors – skilled horse archers who rained arrows upon their enemies from a distance, and heavily armored cataphracts who charged into battle like thunder. Leading these formidable forces was Surena, a Parthian general renowned for his cunning and tactical brilliance.

Crassus, blinded by arrogance and underestimating the Parthian threat, led his legions into a deadly trap. The Romans, accustomed to the disciplined formations and heavy infantry tactics that had conquered much of the known world, were ill-prepared for the Parthian style of warfare.

The battle unfolded on the plains near Carrhae, a small town in Mesopotamia. The Roman legions, marching in their familiar tight formations, became sitting ducks for the Parthian horse archers. A storm of arrows rained down upon them, piercing shields and armor, turning the air into a deadly haze. The Romans, unable to effectively counter the constant barrage, began to falter.

Then came the cataphracts, a wall of armored horsemen crashing into the Roman lines. The disciplined formations broke, and chaos erupted. The Romans, unaccustomed to such ferocious cavalry charges, were thrown into disarray. Crassus, desperate, tried to rally his men, but it was too late. The tide of battle had turned decisively against him.

As the fighting raged, Crassus, realizing the futility of the situation, sought to negotiate with Surena. The Parthian general, however, was not interested in mercy. He sought to humiliate the Romans and crush their pride. Crassus, cornered and desperate, was ultimately betrayed and killed, his body mutilated as a final insult.

Not really. She can be reasoned with.

https://emoji.paulbutler.org/?mode=encode

This is a legit an honorable hobby🫡

Yes commodus. To read more about him in future posts, follow nostr:nprofile1qqszzpm3v7a3y3yquxw5hs99mjwq6ykkv6l9m2kgyd5c5dgkxllf4mspzfmhxue69uhhqatjwpkx2urpvuhx2ucpramhxue69uhkummnw3ezuetfde6kuer6wasku7nfvuh8xurpvdjsjexa8m

Thanks

ROMANS FIGHTING A GIANT SNAKE

Valerius Maximus, in his work "Memorable Deeds and Sayings," recounts a tale from Livy's "History of Rome" about a remarkable encounter between Roman soldiers and a giant serpent during the First Punic War.

The story revolves around Marcus Atilius Regulus, a Roman general who found himself facing a formidable threat to his army: a colossal serpent. This creature, of immense size and deadly power, was causing significant casualties among the Roman troops.

Regulus, known for his strategic brilliance and unwavering courage, devised a plan to confront this monstrous adversary. He ordered his soldiers to construct a massive ballista, a powerful siege weapon capable of launching large projectiles. With this weapon, the Romans were able to strike at the serpent from a safe distance.

The battle that ensued was fierce and dramatic. The serpent, enraged and wounded, lashed out with its powerful tail, striking at the Roman soldiers. However, the well-aimed shots from the ballista eventually weakened the creature, and it was finally brought down.

The Romans, victorious over this monstrous foe, celebrated their triumph. The skin of the serpent was brought back to Rome.

While you are at it, Give ROME a follow. Thanks 🫡

Shoutout to nostr:nprofile1qqs9pk20ctv9srrg9vr354p03v0rrgsqkpggh2u45va77zz4mu5p6ccpzemhxue69uhk2er9dchxummnw3ezumrpdejz7qgswaehxw309ahx7um5wghx6mmd9uyzgdd3 for all the great work he does.

Also listen to this interview:

https://haven.sovereignengineering.io/f00e902261b524870c8ef2da36e62666f0964adfccd20dd6d020d7d6da6adc29.mp3

And the following emoji is of course redeemable: 🚀󠅓󠅑󠅣󠅘󠅥󠄲󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅤󠅕󠄳󠄺󠅟󠅔󠄸󠅂󠅧󠅓󠅪󠅟󠅦󠄼󠄢󠄡󠅠󠅒󠅞󠅁󠅥󠅒󠅇󠅜󠅥󠅑󠅇󠄺󠅠󠅔󠄸󠄽󠅥󠅉󠄢󠄶󠅪󠅑󠄳󠄩󠄳󠅑󠅈󠅂󠅚󠅒󠄢󠅜󠅥󠅉󠅈󠅆󠅚󠅓󠄢󠄶󠄠󠅉󠅈󠅃󠄲󠅟󠅝󠄶󠅠󠅃󠄱󠄲󠅁󠄲󠅆󠄴󠅧󠅃󠅅󠄶󠄷󠅉󠅈󠄳󠄵󠅠󠄷󠄶󠅘󠄵󠄷󠄶󠅪󠅕󠄵󠄱󠄤󠄽󠄷󠅉󠄢󠄾󠄷󠄹󠄢󠄽󠄴󠅁󠄤󠄿󠅄󠅂󠅝󠅉󠄢󠄾󠅚󠅊󠅚󠅜󠅛󠄾󠅇󠅉󠄥󠄽󠅄󠅆󠅛󠅊󠅄󠅓󠄣󠄽󠄴󠅉󠄡󠄽󠅪󠄹󠅨󠅉󠅪󠅉󠄠󠄽󠅪󠅔󠅚󠅉󠅚󠅉󠅪󠄽󠅚󠅔󠅝󠄽󠄢󠄽󠄢󠅊󠅚󠅆󠅘󠅊󠄴󠅉󠅧󠅊󠅄󠄺󠅙󠄿󠄴󠅊󠅘󠄽󠄷󠅉󠄢󠅉󠅇󠄾󠅉󠄹󠅁󠄼󠅗󠄾󠄸󠅨󠄹󠄸󠅢󠅦󠅗󠄦󠅄󠄠󠅀󠄼󠅚󠅪󠅠󠄸󠅙󠅘󠄺󠄼󠅆󠅖󠄺󠄵󠅘󠄹󠅘󠅜󠅈󠅙󠅓󠄸󠅊󠄸󠄴󠅁󠅅󠄷󠄻󠅤󠅇󠄶󠅛󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅜󠅇󠄳󠄱󠄧󠅢󠅇󠄠󠅪󠄝󠅝󠅚󠄼󠅑󠅥󠅇󠄥󠄾󠅙󠄥󠅅󠅟󠅝󠄨󠄻󠄱󠅒󠄤󠄾󠄿󠄤󠅁󠄹󠅂󠄲󠄶󠅊󠄸󠅂󠅡󠅒󠅤󠅕󠅞󠄵󠅈󠅇󠄶󠅪󠅇󠄳󠄳󠅏󠄼󠄢󠅓󠅇󠄤󠅇󠅏󠅁󠅑󠄷󠄧󠅜󠅣󠅑󠄽󠄢󠅈󠅘󠅨󠅆󠄱󠄺󠄡󠅤󠄷󠅡󠅖󠅀󠅤󠅂󠅒󠄱󠅢󠄱󠄨󠄽󠅄󠄸󠅆󠅦󠄵󠄢󠄶󠅩󠅇󠄳󠄴󠄹󠄴󠅒󠅥󠄡󠅂󠄼󠄤󠅙󠅄󠄽󠅄󠄡󠅪󠅄󠅤󠅤󠅕󠅡󠅦󠅉󠄵󠅀󠅓󠅉󠅁󠄲󠅑󠄦󠄨󠅘󠅅󠄴󠅤󠅘󠄼󠄾󠄾󠅄󠅤󠅜󠄼󠄦󠅂󠅘󠅉󠅁󠅘󠅘󠅓󠄣󠅘󠄱󠄾󠄢󠄺󠅛󠅉󠅇󠄽󠄥󠄾󠅇󠅆󠅜󠄿󠅄󠄶󠅛󠅊󠅇󠄽󠄣󠄽󠅪󠅂󠅚󠅉󠅚󠅗󠅨󠅉󠅇󠄽󠅧󠄾󠄢󠅉󠄠󠄿󠄴󠅁󠅨󠄿󠅇󠅅󠄤󠄿󠄴󠅂󠅘󠄾󠅚󠄹󠄠󠄽󠅄󠅉󠅪󠄾󠅚󠅓󠅪󠄽󠅄󠄾󠅛󠅉󠄢󠅆󠅙󠄽󠅝󠄽󠄡󠅉󠅄󠄲󠅘󠅊󠅄󠄹󠅨󠄾󠄢󠅉󠄤󠄾󠅝󠄶󠅚󠅇󠄳󠄵󠄴󠅠󠅛󠅛󠅧󠅦󠅓󠅖󠄻󠄣󠅄󠅞󠅩󠅉󠅈󠄡󠄨󠄱󠅅󠅣󠅕󠅓󠅉󠅤󠅇󠄱󠅞󠄧󠅃󠅧󠄺󠄺󠄼󠄳󠅙󠅂󠅜󠅙󠄥󠄨󠅔󠄼󠄾󠄲󠅘󠅊󠄻󠄾󠅘󠅊󠅆󠅗󠅗󠅛󠅟󠄴󠅧󠄤󠅉󠅦󠅂󠄥󠄧󠄹󠄾󠅅󠅟󠅄󠅖󠅚󠄱󠅅󠅈󠅤󠅕󠅟󠄨󠄽󠅖󠅔󠅛󠄴󠄝󠅄󠄥󠅘󠄦󠅃󠄺󠅓󠄠󠄩󠄧󠅥󠅨󠅜󠅘󠅓󠄡󠅗󠅗󠄺󠅡󠅚󠄴󠄾󠅇󠅝󠄱󠅞󠅪󠄻󠅦󠅟󠅪󠅥󠄦󠅒󠅏󠄹󠅣󠅣󠅝󠄡󠅉󠄲󠄩󠄡󠅨󠅩󠅅󠅏󠅩󠅕󠄿󠄿󠄿󠄼󠅕󠅩󠄵󠅤󠅟󠄶󠅘󠅓󠅜󠅗󠅗󠅜󠅏󠅤󠄿󠄷󠄴󠅖󠄷󠅅󠄼󠅧󠄹󠅗󠅅󠅩󠄧󠄥󠅙󠄷󠅏󠄨󠅖󠄡󠅠󠅙󠅞󠄦󠄼󠅏󠅓󠅄󠅁󠄤󠅔󠄿󠄼󠅡󠄶󠄦󠄶󠅕󠅨󠅡󠅛󠅉󠅇󠄵󠄵󠅉󠅈󠄾󠄤󠅁󠄷󠅆󠅛󠄾󠅄󠄽󠅩󠄽󠄴󠅘󠅘󠅉󠅪󠄲󠅜󠄽󠅚󠅅󠅨󠅊󠅄󠄵󠄡󠄽󠄴󠅆󠅝󠅉󠅚󠄶󠅝󠄾󠅚󠅗󠄤󠅊󠄴󠅁󠄢󠅊󠄷󠅁󠅧󠄽󠄴󠅁󠅩󠅉󠅄󠅊󠅙󠅉󠅪󠄺󠅛󠄿󠅄󠄺󠅛󠄾󠄢󠅉󠅪󠄾󠄷󠅅󠅩󠅉󠅄󠄱󠅧󠄽󠅪󠄾󠅘󠄿󠅇󠄹󠄠󠄾󠅪󠄶󠅚󠅊󠅇󠄶󠅘󠅉󠄡󠅗󠅘󠄱󠅙󠅅󠄿󠅏󠅚󠄶󠅪󠅇󠅘󠄱󠅜󠄩󠅗󠄠󠄺󠄳󠅤󠄿󠅂󠄹󠄥󠅗󠅛󠅧󠅥󠄾󠄶󠅙󠅇󠅘󠄨󠄴󠅢󠅀󠄝󠅄󠅃󠅂󠅓󠄺󠅁󠄱󠅧󠅉󠅇󠅃󠅚󠅉󠅇󠅆󠅉󠄹󠄵󠅞󠅅󠄻󠅟󠅊󠄣󠅀󠅙󠄷󠄼󠅪󠅀󠄡󠅅󠅤󠅦󠄼󠅧󠄣󠄠󠅓󠅥󠅂󠄶󠄼󠅙󠅅󠅣󠅅󠄺󠅦󠅂󠄴󠅅󠅔󠅪󠅃󠅁󠄹󠅃󠄷󠄡󠅉󠅈󠄾󠅉󠄹󠄷󠄡󠅇󠄸󠄤󠅄󠅩󠅥󠄳󠄠󠄵󠅝󠅦󠄠󠅜󠅓󠄦󠄠󠄽󠅄󠅔󠄿󠅡󠅩󠄸󠅅󠅗󠄳󠅛󠅠󠅔󠄝󠅅󠄺󠅛󠅝󠅆󠅚󠅄󠄲󠅪󠅞󠅘󠅉󠅈󠄺󠅉󠄹󠄶󠅛󠅙󠄸󠅦󠄡󠅓󠄢󠅟󠅇󠄼󠅔󠅜󠄢󠅅󠄼󠄲󠅛󠄱󠄥󠄝󠄝󠄥󠅞󠅩󠄠󠅜󠄲󠅥󠅏󠄹󠄣󠅀󠅃󠄩󠄠󠅅󠅗󠅈󠅚󠄩󠄢󠄡󠅠󠄷󠄶󠅘󠄱󠅝󠄶󠅪󠅕󠄵󠄱󠄣󠄿󠄴󠅜󠅛󠄾󠅪󠅘󠅘󠄾󠄴󠅅󠅧󠄽󠄢󠅁󠄡󠄾󠅚󠄺󠅛󠅊󠄴󠅔󠅙󠄾󠅄󠅉󠅨󠅊󠅚󠅅󠄤󠄾󠄷󠄽󠅧󠅉󠅪󠄱󠅧󠅉󠅝󠄶󠅛󠅉󠅚󠅗󠄤󠅉󠅚󠅜󠅘󠅉󠅄󠄽󠄢󠄾󠅚󠅛󠄢󠄿󠅇󠄽󠄡󠅊󠄷󠄵󠄡󠅊󠅄󠅓󠅪󠄿󠅇󠄾󠅙󠅊󠄴󠅉󠅧󠄽󠅚󠅓󠅨󠅉󠅇󠄾󠅉󠄹󠅁󠅀󠄹󠅡󠅗󠅇󠅘󠅒󠄼󠅓󠅞󠅃󠅙󠅘󠄠󠅄󠄤󠅈󠅜󠅡󠄨󠄺󠄳󠄾󠄾󠅂󠄨󠅟󠄩󠄦󠄾󠅤󠅓󠅠󠄡󠄼󠅊󠅊󠄝󠅇󠅑󠅁󠅑󠄸󠄢󠄶󠅛󠅟󠄢󠄶󠅜󠅇󠄳󠄳󠄴󠅀󠅒󠄝󠄾󠄤󠅏󠅦󠄲󠅟󠅩󠅈󠄱󠄿󠅧󠄸󠄦󠅊󠅊󠄝󠅉󠅘󠅏󠄸󠅈󠅏󠄦󠅒󠄾󠄢󠄤󠅝󠄧󠄝󠄢󠄼󠅩󠄡󠅅󠅏󠅅󠅁󠅇󠄶󠅪󠅇󠄳󠄲󠄹󠄳󠅘󠄹󠄠󠄲󠅖󠄼󠅚󠄡󠅖󠄥󠅞󠄶󠅅󠄩󠄽󠅝󠄧󠅂󠅀󠄡󠅢󠅚󠄺󠅗󠅛󠅗󠄵󠄼󠅨󠅜󠄳󠅄󠅝󠅛󠅨󠅚󠄡󠅔󠄨󠅇󠅇󠄶󠅩󠅇󠄳󠄴󠅜󠄦󠄿󠅧󠄥󠅂󠅑󠄹󠄿󠅡󠄤󠄨󠅏󠄻󠄨󠅅󠄦󠄿󠄷󠅆󠅏󠅑󠄦󠄺󠄧󠄻󠅧󠅓󠄨󠅄󠄡󠄻󠄺󠅃󠄷󠅉󠅥󠄷󠅚󠅟󠅖󠄱󠅗

GM

BATTLE OF ABRITUS 251 AD

In the year 251 AD, the mighty Roman Empire, once the unchallenged master of the known world, found itself facing a formidable threat from the north. A coalition of fierce Gothic tribes, led by the cunning Cniva, had crossed the Danube River, eager to plunder the riches of the Roman provinces.

Emperor Decius, a man of courage and determination, rallied his legions to meet the invaders. The two armies clashed near the town of Abritus, in what is now modern-day Bulgaria. The initial clash was a fierce struggle, with Roman swords and spears clashing against Gothic axes and bows. The Roman legions, known for their discipline and unwavering loyalty, seemed to hold their own against the barbarian horde.

However, the Goths had a cunning plan. They feigned retreat, luring the Romans into a deadly trap. As the Roman soldiers pursued their enemies, the Goths turned and counterattacked with renewed vigor. The Romans, caught off guard and spread out in pursuit, were overwhelmed by the sheer force of the Gothic onslaught.

The battle turned into a bloody massacre. The once-proud Roman legions were cut down in droves, their armor and shields offering little protection against the relentless onslaught. Emperor Decius himself, along with his son Herennius Etruscus, perished in the chaos of the battle.

STANDARDIZED WHEEL SPACING

While the idea that Roman chariot wheel spacing influenced modern railway track gauge is a popular myth, there's no concrete evidence to support this claim.

The Myth:

* The myth suggests that Roman chariots had a standardized wheel spacing of 4 feet 8.5 inches.

* This spacing was supposedly adopted for Roman roads and later influenced the design of early railways.

* The persistence of this gauge in many modern railways is attributed to this historical connection.

The Reality:

* No Standardized Wheel Spacing: There's no evidence of a standardized wheel spacing for Roman chariots. Chariots were used for various purposes, including warfare, racing, and transportation, and their wheel dimensions likely varied.

* Roman Roads: While Roman roads were well-engineered, they weren't designed with specific wheel gauges in mind. The roads were wide enough to accommodate various types of vehicles, including carts, wagons, and chariots.

* Early Railways: The development of railways in the 19th century was influenced by various factors, including the existing infrastructure, engineering practices, and the specific needs of different regions. The choice of 4 feet 8.5 inches as a standard gauge was likely a practical decision based on the available technology and the dimensions of locomotives and rolling stock at the time.

“for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.”