The difference between an empire and a state is size. States can be small, which naturally control their reach. Empires are only empires when they're big/expansive and they gain outsized control over their neighbors.

Size.

Empires must fall for freedom to rise.

the last mile problem is how you move on-chain coins into off-chain and back. even if LN works great, with liquidity providers, reliable paths, watch-towers, and splicing, as an end-user you still need to move between the layers every now and then. you still need to splice in/out to top your account up or down and that's not something LN can solve ("inbound liquidity" is the common name for this limit)

theoretically only 500,000 splicings can be done every day and that's still not enough for 1 billion people, let alone 8

with covenant an entire new paradigm of optional UTXOs can be enabled through coordinators who control the on-chain funds, where in to optimistic scenario you don't need the chain to move between these off-chain "virtual" UTXOs while pay and getting paid

Whether the packages traveled by air or by land or by teleportation (🤣), you still need enough drivers to deliver them to the door at the end. No amount of efficiency or innovation can change this fact. Except maybe teleportation.

most of the 21m on-chain bitcoins will be used to provide liquidity (time value of money) for higher layers for a fee - translated into miners' fee. LN, Ark style coin-pools, all based on parcellating big chunks of bitcoin and selling their use to end-users in a non-custodial way

a good-enough covenants based coin-pool tradeoff can compress 1000s of "optional UTXOs" into one on-chain UTXO, similar to the way LN is compressing 1000s of txns into one on-chain txn

LN and ark style coin-pools are not competing, but are complementary. one is compressing the amount of times you can transact, the other compresses the amount of people who can hold a non-custodial movable balance - movable off-chain

LN solved bitcoin the way planes solved Fedex - but the last mile still remained a bottleneck. no matter how many planes you have, you still need to get the delivery to someone's home. covenants can solve LNs last mile problem

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