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geeknik
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Human Founder⇢Deep Fork Cyber. Fuzzing from kernelspace➠uncanny valley.

As we embark on Day 11 of our #31DaysOfHalloween, we set sail for the RMS Queen Mary, an iconic ocean liner turned #haunted attraction in Long Beach, #California. Known for its luxurious past and #ghostly inhabitants, the Queen Mary offers a unique blend of #history, elegance, and spine-chilling encounters.

https://www.tumblr.com/geeknik/730937424499359744/31-days-of-halloween-day-11-the-rms-queen-mary

Replying to Avatar geeknik

A Technical Analysis of the #Nostr Protocol 🤙🏻

#grownostr #security #privacy #analysis

Nostr is an emerging protocol that allows users to publish short messages called "events" in a decentralized, censorship-resistant, and cryptographically verifiable manner. It has the potential to enable privacy-focused social networking and web3 applications.

This analysis examines Nostr's technical design, highlighting key components, vulnerabilities, and areas needing improvement. It is intended for readers with a passing knowledge of cryptography, networks, and blockchain technology. Casual users may find some sections challenging, but I aim to reward patient, focused reading with deep insights into this novel protocol.

# Overview 💻

Nostr utilizes digital signatures and public-key cryptography to authenticate events published by users. Users generate a private/public key-pair, registering their public key on the network. This key serves as their identity. Users sign events with their private key before publishing to relays. Relays then distribute the events across the network. Clients can verify event integrity via the signatures.

This high-level architecture offers censorship resistance and verifies event provenance. However, complex challenges emerge when examining Nostr's design through a technical lens.

# Cryptographic Foundations 🔒

Nostr identities are generated as secp256k1 key-pairs. This offers compatibility with external systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum which utilize the same curve. Key-pairs are generated on the client side, ideally using a secure random number generator with sufficient entropy.

Once generated, the key-pair should never be transmitted. The private key in particular must be kept secret. Nostr clients are thus responsible for properly securing keys. Future clients should support encrypted local storage, multi-factor access control, and seed phrase backups. Weaknesses here compromise identity ownership.

All Nostr events are signed with Schnorr signatures using the author's private key. Schnorr offers a space-efficient signing algorithm but relies heavily on random nonce generation. Poor entropy pools during signing open the door to compromise via nonce-reuse.

Fortunately, the nonce is not revealed on-chain, limiting exploitability. Nonetheless, clients should implement RFC 6979 deterministic nonce generation. This eliminates randomness as an attack vector.

# Sybil Resistance 🫂

Nostr's open design allows anyone to generate a key-pair and immediately participate. There is no imposed cost-of-entry or identity verification preventing Sybil attacks — a weakness compared to systems like Bitcoin.

A single actor could trivially generate millions of identities. Combined with Nostr's re-posting mechanics, this amplifies the potential scale of disinformation campaigns. Similar techniques have been exploited on social platforms like Twitter.

Nostr currently lacks robust Sybil resistance. Possible mitigations include rate-limiting new key generation, requiring Proof-of-Work, and leveraging Web-of-Trust style reputation systems. Careful design is needed to prevent undue centralization.

# Metadata Privacy 📝

By default, Nostr events are publicly accessible. They contain metadata including the author's public key. Clients can correlate events across relays to profile users. This reduces privacy, especially for less tech-savvy users unaware of the risks.

Future Nostr clients should make pseudonymous and encrypted usage easy. Predefined "personas" with distinct keys, ephemeral keys, mix networks, and metadata stripping should become standard privacy tools.

However, blindly encrypting all content poses discoverability challenges. Search, filtering, and network analysis rely on accessible metadata. There are open research questions around balancing privacy and utility.

# Censorship Resistance 📛

Nostr's decentralized architecture should make censorship technically challenging. There is no central entity that can eradicate content or ban users.

However, Nostr's relay infrastructure poses centralization risks. A handful of large relays could potentially collude to censor events or de-platform targets. Nostr needs robust incentives for relay operators to prevent oligopolies.

Censorship at the relay level also remains an open challenge. Existing systems like Secure Scuttlebutt explore concepts like relay "matchmaking" and sharding events across diverse relay groups.

# Spam Prevention 📬

Nostr's public nature makes it vulnerable to spam. Computational Proof-of-Work and fee mechanisms have been proposed but neither is foolproof. Clever anti-spam that resists censorship and gaming remains an open research problem.

Basic rate-limiting on new key registration, events published, and introductions sent helps but is trivial to circumvent. More advanced techniques like fees weighted by account reputation, staking mechanisms, and selectively applying Proof-of-Work based on risk factors warrant exploration.

# Secure Key Management 🔐

Nostr's security model depends on users properly managing private keys. If users select weak passwords or store keys improperly, malicious actors can compromise their identities.

This poses an enormous challenge given that most users lack crypto-security knowledge. Nostr clients should implement multi-factor authentication, encrypted local storage, and easy-to-use backups like seed phrases. Usability testing is critical — security mechanisms that seem too complex may be ignored or circumvented by users.

Platforms like Keybase demonstrate the difficulty of making key management accessible. Nostr clients should learn from past efforts while recognizing the uniquely sensitive nature of social networking data.

# Scalability 📈

Nostr's throughput is limited by its relay infrastructure. Early testing suggests relays can comfortably handle 2000 events per second. Further optimizations like compression, sharding, and efficient routing algorithms will help.

But fundamental scalability limitations remain. Relays are constrained by bandwidth, storage, and real-time event processing. As adoption grows, demand may overwhelm relay capacity. Possible mitigations include sharding the network into relay clusters and introducing client-side caching.

Incentivizing a robust relay network is critical for scalability. Nostr currently lacks effective incentives for operating high-capacity relays. Ongoing research into decentralization-compatible business models is essential as utilization increases.

# Conclusion 👨🏻‍💼

This analysis reveals that while Nostr offers a novel approach to decentralized social networking, complex technical challenges remain. Sybil resistance, metadata privacy, censorship resistance, spam prevention, key management, and scalability all warrant additional research and protocol evolution.

Nonetheless, Nostr represents a promising step forward in an era of centralized platforms and compromised user rights. With transparent analysis of its strengths and weaknesses, collaborative research, and responsible protocol design, Nostr may yet fulfill its aspirational goal of user empowerment. The road ahead will require vigilance, creativity, and a commitment to the open, decentralizing ideals which motivate this project.

A team of European researchers confirms that coin flips are more likely to land on the same side they started on, as suggested by Persi Diaconis in 2007. The experiment, involving 48 participants flipping over 350,000 coins from 46 countries, found that coins landed with the same side up 50.8% of the time. While the bias is slight, it could have meaningful implications when multiple coin tosses are used to determine outcomes. 🤔

https://phys.org/news/2023-10-flipped-coins-fair-thought.html

Scientists have captured #mysterious radio #signals traveling through #space for more than a decade, with some experts speculating that they could be #aliens attempting to make contact with Earth. Researchers at the University of Tokyo suggest that these fast radio bursts are caused by #starquakes on rapidly spinning neutron stars with powerful magnetic fields. The team found similarities between the #energy released by tremors on the surface of neutron stars and #earthquakes on Earth, indicating the existence of a solid crust on neutron stars that releases huge amounts of energy seen as FRBs.

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-12620099/source-starquakes-alien-radio-signals-stars.html

does @damus cache everything forever?

seems excessive. 🤷🏻‍♂️

Already following you I’m afraid. 🙃

Who should be my 200th follow on #nostr? The most compelling suggestion(s), based on relevance to my interests and the quality of the suggested account, will receive a #zap. This offer expires 3 hours from the timestamp of this post, or when my follower count reaches 200, whichever comes first. 🤙🏻

If you liked those little excerpts, then you’re going to love this new series my ADHD brain has concocted. 🤙

The Beginning of the Crypto Wars (2041):

Testimony of Sofia Moreira, a founding member of the European Blockchain Council

"In the wake of the crash, governments around the world started clamping down on cryptocurrencies. But for many of us, digital currencies weren't just about money. They represented freedom, autonomy, a new way of organizing society. We couldn't just stand by and watch it be crushed by fear and ignorance. So, we fought back. It wasn't a war we chose, but it was a war we were willing to fight. And thus, the Crypto Wars began."

The Crypto Crash (2040):

Testimony of Raj Patel, former software engineer at a major cryptocurrency exchange in India

"It was like watching a train wreck in slow motion. The breach was sophisticated, bypassing every layer of our security. Before we could even realize what was happening, billions were gone. Just like that. It was more than just a theft, it was a violation of trust. The aftermath was devastating. The market crashed, people lost their life savings, and the public's faith in cryptocurrencies was shattered."

The Green Boom (2033):

Testimony of Eva Münch, CEO of SolTech, a renewable energy company in Germany

"The crisis was our wake-up call. We realized we couldn't continue down the path we were on. So, we invested everything in green technology. It was a gamble, but it paid off. The 'Green Boom', as they call it, didn't just help us recover from the crisis. It transformed everything... our economy, our society, how we see our place in the world. We were no longer just consumers of resources; we became custodians of the earth."

The Great Cyber Conflict (2029):

Testimony of Yan Li, former cyber warfare specialist for the People's Liberation Army, China

"I remember that day clearly. The alert went off in the middle of the night. We were under attack. The enemy's malware was like nothing we'd ever seen before. It was adaptive, elusive, like a ghost in our machines. It took us three days... three sleepless days and nights to finally isolate and neutralize it. But by then, the damage was done. Our financial systems were in chaos, power grids were failing, public unrest was growing. It wasn't just a battle; it was a war... a war fought not with guns and bombs, but with code and data."

Not the first time I’ve been accused of that. Likely won’t be the last 🤣

Predictions for the future? 🤔

2023-2025:

The world continues to grapple with the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic recovery is uneven, with tech-forward regions and industries bouncing back faster. Cryptocurrencies gain mainstream acceptance, and nations begin to develop their digital currencies.

2026-2030:

Climate change impacts intensify, leading to resource scarcity, increased migration, and conflicts. The first major cyber conflict occurs between major powers, marking the start of a new era of warfare. AI technology advances rapidly, sparking debates about ethics, governance, and security.

2031-2035:

The world experiences its first major climate-induced economic crisis. In response, major economies start to invest heavily in green technologies and infrastructure, leading to a 'Green Boom'. The use of AI and automation leads to significant shifts in labor markets, causing social unrest.

2036-2040:

The global power balance shifts as emerging economies rise, and traditional powers grapple with internal issues. A major breach in an international cryptocurrency exchange sparks a global financial crisis, leading to widespread skepticism about digital assets. In response, major powers start to impose strict regulations on cryptocurrencies.

2041:

Resistance to cryptocurrency regulations, combined with the economic fallout of the financial crisis, leads to the start of the Crypto Wars. The European Blockchain Council (EBC) and the Asian Digital Consortium (ADC) are formed, marking the beginning of a new geopolitical order.

What happens next? 🫣

As long as humans are involved, war is inevitable. 🤷🏻‍♂️

I dunno, the crypto wars which erupted after the last bitcoin was mined were pretty brutal, leading to the total collapse of Russia in 2048. 🤷🏻‍♂️

Scientists at Mahidol University are studying the durability of #watermeal, the smallest flowering #plant on Earth, in extreme gravity conditions to determine its suitability for future #space missions. Watermeal, an aquatic plant found in #Asia, could potentially serve as a staple #food for #astronauts due to its high #protein content and #oxygen production through #photosynthesis. Initial experiments conducted in #microgravity showed promising results, and further tests under strong #gravity conditions are being carried out at the European Space Agency's Large Diameter Centrifuge.

https://www.sciencealert.com/this-tiny-flowering-plant-can-survive-the-crush-of-20-times-earths-gravity