Today in 1949, 74 years ago: in the city of Geneva (Switzerland), the Geneva Conventions are celebrated, the cornerstone of international humanitarian law.
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Today in 1812, 211 years ago: in Spain, French troops leave Madrid when the Duke of Wellington's allied army defeats them in the Battle of Los Arapiles.
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Today in 1624, 399 years ago: Charles de La Vieuville is arrested and replaced by Cardinal Richelieu as the French king's chief advisor.
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Today in 1991, 32 years ago: the group Metallica releases its Black Album.
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Today in 1944, 79 years ago: Nazi German troops end the week-long Wola massacre, during which time at least 40,000 people are killed indiscriminately or in mass executions.
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Today in 1960, 63 years ago: Echo 1A, NASA's first successful communications satellite, is launched.
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Today in 1999, 24 years ago: the United Nations General Assembly proclaims this day as International Youth Day.
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Today in 1883, 140 years ago: the species of cuaga zebra, the only species of reddish zebra, which lived in captivity in the zoo of Amsterdam (Netherlands), is extinct, definitively extinguishing the subspecies.
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Today in 1914, 109 years ago: in France the government declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Today in 1499, 524 years ago: First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
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Today in 1909, 114 years ago: the Spanish Federation of Football Clubs was created in Spain.
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Today in 1946, 77 years ago: the Sampdoria Football Club was founded in Genoa.
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Today in 1936, 87 years ago: in Barcelona - within the framework of the Spanish civil war - the coup generals Manuel Goded and Álvaro Fernández Burriel were executed and shot for their participation in the coup military uprising against the Second Spanish Republic.
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Today in 1793, 230 years ago: The Rhône and Loire départments are created when the former département of Rhône-et-Loire is split into two.
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Today in 1976, 47 years ago: Between 1,000 and 3,500 Palestinians are killed in the Tel al-Zaatar massacre, one of the bloodiest events of the Lebanese Civil War.
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Today in 1953, 70 years ago: the Soviet Union detonates its first hydrogen bomb (the United States had detonated its own on November 1, 1952).
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Today in 1953, 70 years ago: The 7.2 Ms Ionian earthquake shakes the southern Ionian Islands with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Between 445 and 800 people are killed.
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Today in 1969, 54 years ago: Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside.
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Today in 1883, 140 years ago: The last quagga dies at the Natura Artis Magistra, a zoo in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Today in 1854, 169 years ago: Jaime Nunó was declared a winner, so that his music would harmonize the lyrics of the Mexican National Anthem
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