BITCOIN - The Texas House of Representatives has introduced a bill aimed at establishing a strategic Bitcoin reserve.
The initiative, announced by Republican Representative Giovanni Capriglione during an X space, would allow the state to accept taxes, fees, and donations in Bitcoin, with the obligation to hold them for at least five years.
The initial plan does not involve a direct Bitcoin purchasing strategy but focuses on collecting Bitcoin through tax payments and donations.
https://atlas21.com/texas-considers-strategic-bitcoin-reserve-through-taxes-fees-and-donations/
BITCOIN - On December 11, the Vancouver City Council approved a motion that could position the Canadian city as one of the first urban centers to embrace Bitcoin. The initiative, strongly supported by Mayor Ken Sim, aims to explore various possibilities for integrating cryptocurrency into municipal operations.
The motion, titled “Preserving the City’s Purchasing Power through Financial Reserve Diversification,” paves the way for multiple scenarios: from accepting cryptocurrency as a method of payment for taxes and municipal services to potentially converting part of the city’s reserves into Bitcoin.
The city will conduct a detailed study to assess the risks, benefits, and practical considerations of Bitcoin adoption, with a report due by the end of Q1 2025.
https://atlas21.com/vancouver-motion-approved-to-study-bitcoin-integration-in-municipal-management/
CRYPTO - Goldman Sachs is gearing up to enter the cryptocurrency market. CEO David Solomon has expressed a tangible interest in Bitcoin and Ethereum, though any move remains contingent on regulatory approval.
At the Reuters NEXT event, Solomon stated that the firm’s ability to participate in spot trading for Bitcoin and Ethereum was “extremely limited” from a regulatory standpoint. The CEO remarked:
“You have to ask regulators because, at the moment, as a regulated banking institution, and I think you know this, we’re not allowed to own a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin as a principal. If, from a regulatory perspective, we were allowed to interact in these assets, we have a pretty big infrastructure.”
FEATURE - Covenants debate: where do we stand?
The main focus of the discussion on Bitcoin’s next upgrade: what are the most relevant covenant proposals? What are the community’s positions?
The in-depth analysis by Atlas21:
MINING - Bitmain, the Chinese company specializing in Bitcoin mining hardware, has announced the opening of a production line in the United States.
The decision, announced on December 9, comes in response to growing logistical challenges and trade tensions between the US and China.
The first series of US-produced Antminer S21 Pro is expected this December. The decision follows delays caused by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), which detained several Bitmain shipments over national security concerns.
https://atlas21.com/bitmain-lands-in-the-us-the-company-launches-local-production/
BITCOIN - Russia joins the list of countries considering the inclusion of Bitcoin in their national reserves. The proposal comes from Anton Tkachev, a State Duma member from the New People party, who formally appealed to Finance Minister Anton Siluanov.
The initiative, reported by the RIA Novosti agency, stems from the need to find alternatives to traditional financial systems amid increasing international pressures.
In his appeal, Tkachev stated:
"In conditions of limited access to traditional international payment systems for countries under sanctions, cryptocurrencies are becoming virtually the only instrument for international trade.”
https://atlas21.com/russia-mp-proposes-a-strategic-bitcoin-reserve/
BITCOIN - Florida has announced a plan to invest $1.85 billion of its pension fund into Bitcoin. The decision, involving the fourth-largest pension fund in the United States (valued at $185.7 billion), highlights the growing interest among institutions in adopting Bitcoin.
The initiative, strongly supported by the Florida Blockchain Business Association (FBBA), calls for allocating 1% of the pension fund to Bitcoin, aiming to diversify the portfolio and ensure strategic exposure to the digital asset market.
Samuel Armes, president of the FBBA, emphasized that this move could serve as a model for other U.S. states.
BITCOIN - In a recently published report, the United States Department of the Treasury officially recognized Bitcoin as “digital gold,” affirming its primary role as a store of value in the emerging economy.
The document highlights how Bitcoin’s market capitalization has experienced exponential growth, rising from $6.4 billion in 2015 to approximately $1.9 trillion in 2024.
The report states:
“Primary use case for Bitcoin seems to be a store of value aka “digital gold” in a decentralized finance (DeFi) world.”
https://atlas21.com/the-us-treasury-recognizes-bitcoin-as-digital-gold/
CRYPTO - Trump appoints former PayPal COO David Sacks as crypto advisor to the White House
President-elect Donald Trump has named David O. Sacks as the new “AI and Crypto Czar” for the White House. The announcement was made on December 5 via a post on Truth Social.
Sacks, known as the founder of Yammer and former COO of PayPal, will take on a pivotal role in the Trump administration, leading policies on artificial intelligence and digital assets—two areas considered critical for the future of American competitiveness.
One of Sacks’ primary responsibilities will be to develop a clear regulatory framework for the cryptocurrency sector, addressing industry demands for greater legal clarity. Additionally, he will chair the Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
Trump emphasized that Sacks’ role will also involve protecting online free speech and combating what he referred to as “Big Tech’s censorship and bias.”
Sacks was a major Trump supporter in 2024, organizing a fundraiser that raised $12 million for the campaign.
In an interview with Anthony Pompliano, Sacks stated:
“Bitcoin offers a different kind of currency that is not backed by government, but it’s backed by math, by encryption. You don’t have to trust the government that there will be only 21 million bitcoins; it’s in the code. Bitcoin is sort of like this sci-fi future where you could have money and state decoupled.”
The entrepreneur’s appointment is part of a broader wave of pro-crypto nominations within the incoming administration, as evidenced by the recent selection of former SEC commissioner Paul Atkins as the agency’s new chairman, replacing Gary Gensler.
BITCOIN - Bitcoin reaches $100,000: the most catastrophic predictions made over the years
Almost 16 years after its inception, #Bitcoin has reached and exceeded the historic milestone of $100,000.
The path, however, has not been without oscillations: the climb to $100,000 has been turbulent, with years of strong growth and periods of significant price corrections. Beyond the Bitcoin community that has grown over the years, accompanying the growth and spread of the technology, there have been no shortage of detractors, catastrophists, and opponents.
https://atlas21.com/bitcoin-reaches-100000-the-most-catastrophic-predictions-made-over-the-years/
MINING - Marathon acquires a wind farm in Texas: mining increasingly focused on renewables
Marathon Digital has announced the acquisition of a wind farm in Hansford County, Texas, aiming to increase the sustainability of its mining operations. The facility, with an interconnection capacity of 240 megawatts and a nominal wind capacity of 114 MW, will utilize second-hand ASICs that would otherwise have been decommissioned or sold on the secondary market.
The project, expected to be completed by Q1 2025, will allow Marathon to operate with zero marginal energy costs by directly using the wind power generated on-site.
Fred Thiel, CEO of Marathon Digital, highlighted this initiative as a virtuous example of collaboration between the energy sector and the mining industry:
“By repurposing machines and powering them with 100% renewable, zero-marginal cost energy, we’re leveraging renewable resources that would otherwise have been wasted, reducing our Bitcoin production costs.”
📍The potential of wind energy
The topic of wind energy in mining could lead to interesting developments globally. A notable example is the United Kingdom, where approximately $1.3 billion is spent annually to compensate wind farms forced to halt production due to grid congestion, according to Bloomberg. Marathon’s CEO suggests that Bitcoin mining could serve as an effective solution to this energy waste, acting as a demand regulator and optimizing the use of surplus renewable energy:
"Grid operators and renewable asset owners must realize that adding large despatchable loads such as bitcoin mining behind the meter at renewable energy sites is the only way to eliminate grid congestion and wasted energy. MARA optimizes and monetized every last electron."
Some European countries are already exploring this possibility. In Switzerland, the Canton of Bern has approved a proposal to evaluate integrating mining into its energy strategy, while Deutsche Telekom is conducting a pilot project in Germany.
📍Foundry downsizes staff
Despite these positive developments, the sector is also experiencing challenges. Foundry, the world’s largest mining pool, recently announced staff layoffs, according to Blockspace. CEO Mike Coyler stated that the company reduced its workforce from 274 to 200, a 27% decrease, with 16% of the cuts in the United States.
LEARN - Guide to Payjoin transactions
Payjoin, or Pay-to-EndPoint (P2EP), is a #Bitcoin transaction protocol that enhances user privacy and reduces fees.
What is it, how does it work, and how to perform a Payjoin transaction in the complete guide of Atlas21.
CBDC - Digital euro: between holding limits and privacy concerns, the ECB continues its research
The European Central Bank recently published its second progress report on the digital euro, highlighting new developments but also some ongoing issues that could hinder the adoption of the future European digital currency.
The project, which could be launched in October 2025, is facing several crucial challenges. Among these, the issue of holding limits is causing particular friction between the ECB and national central banks. The proposed “reverse waterfall” system, which would automatically transfer excess digital euros to traditional bank accounts, raises questions about the practical utility of the digital currency for citizens.
On the privacy front, despite reassurances from ECB Executive Board member Piero Cipollone regarding “superior standards to current commercial solutions," doubts remain about the ability to balance transparency and privacy. The ECB is reportedly working on implementing cash-like features for privacy-conscious users, but technical details are still to be defined.
The report stated that a solution for offline transactions is still being investigated.
📍Challenges and future obstacles The ECB’s approach raises some concerns. The possession limit could be too restrictive and discourage adoption. What would be the point of having a new euro account if, once a certain threshold is surpassed, the money is transferred to another bank account? On the other hand, high holding limits could lead citizens to withdraw their funds from traditional banks during crises, destabilizing the banking system.
Another critical point concerns interoperability with existing payment systems and the real need for a CBDC in an ecosystem already rich in private digital solutions. With all the fintech solutions available to European citizens, is a digital euro truly necessary? One of the ECB’s goals is to reduce dependence on U.S.-dominated payment systems (Visa and Mastercard).
The ECB will also face the challenge of convincing European citizens of the benefits of the digital euro compared to current payment tools, considering many may perceive it as an additional tool for financial control.
All of this for a project that would cost between €400 million and €1 billion, according to ECB Executive Board member Piero Cipollone, in response to a question from Cypriot MEP Fidias Panayiotou.
The ECB will publish its next report on the progress of the digital euro in the second quarter of 2025, ahead of the final decision in October 2025.
📍The global CBDC landscape While Europe continues its research, other countries are accelerating their CBDC projects. China is leading the way with its e-CNY, already tested by millions of citizens in various cities. However, according to the South China Morning Post, the adoption of China’s digital yuan is hindered by the dominance of Alipay and WeChat Pay in the country’s mobile payment market.
According to the Atlantic Council’s CBDC Tracker, over 130 countries, representing 98% of global GDP, are exploring CBDCs.
The United States maintains a more cautious approach, with the Federal Reserve still evaluating the pros and cons of a digital dollar. Elected President Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed opposition to the potential issuance of a national CBDC.
In response to international sanctions, Russia is accelerating the development of the digital ruble as an alternative to the SWIFT system. The Bank of Russia plans to launch the digital ruble nationwide by 2025. Starting July 1, 2025, major Russian banks will be required to allow their customers to make transactions using the CBDC, including money transfers and account management. Additionally, companies operating in Russia will have to accept digital ruble payments via QR codes for goods and services.
CRYPTO - CBDC: central banks show declining interest in digital currencies
A recent survey by the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF) reveals that central banks are losing interest in CBDCs despite ongoing research efforts.
The annual Future of Payments report highlights a sharp decline in support for CBDCs as a solution for cross-border payments: only 13% of respondents in 2024 see them as a viable option, compared to 31% in 2023.
Preference is shifting towards interconnected instant payment systems, such as the U.S. FedNow service, which is backed by 47% of central bankers. Stablecoins, meanwhile, received no votes for the second consecutive year.
This cooling interest coincides with the withdrawal of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from the mBridge Project, a multi-CBDC initiative led by China. Although the BIS denies political motives, the move underscores the geopolitical tensions surrounding digital currency adoption.
The survey also reaffirms the dominance of the U.S. dollar, with only 11% of central banks reporting a reduction in its use.
Currently, over 130 countries are exploring CBDCs. Early adopters include China, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Nigeria, while others, such as the United States, are moving more cautiously. President-elect Donald Trump has repeatedly voiced opposition to the potential issuance of a digital dollar.
https://atlas21.com/cbdc-central-banks-show-declining-interest-in-digital-currencies/
BITCOIN - Bitcoin in Africa: Jack Dorsey supports development with investment in Recursive Capital
On November 29, Recursive Capital, a venture capital firm specializing in #Bitcoin investments across the African continent, announced the completion of its first capital-raising round (Fund I).
Among the main backers are Jack Dorsey, CEO of Block, Peter L. Briger Jr., former Goldman Sachs partner and chairman of Fortress Investment Group, and Jeff Booth, author of The Price of Tomorrow.
The fund, led by Nigerian CEO Abubakar Nur Khalil, will focus on three strategic areas: companies developing commercial products such as wallets or exchanges, mining operations with a focus on renewable energy, and innovative technologies like the Lightning Network. Investments, ranging from $50,000 to $100,000 per portfolio company, aim to build a robust Bitcoin ecosystem in Africa.
Nur Khalil, who also serves as interim CEO of ₿Trust, a non-profit organization funded by Jay-Z and Jack Dorsey that supports African Bitcoin developers, stated:
“The focus of Fund I is to lay the foundations for a thriving Bitcoin ecosystem in Africa that will lead the world in innovation, growth, and impact.”
Recursive Capital has already invested in several ventures, including Bitnob, Fedi, and Synota. Next year, the company plans to launch Recursive Labs, a mentorship initiative for its portfolio companies.
BITCOIN - Canton Bern evaluates Bitcoin mining for power grid stability
The Parliament of the Canton of Bern has approved, with 85 votes in favor and 46 against, the launch of an in-depth study on Bitcoin mining. The initiative, led by the Bitcoin Parliamentary Group comprising 23 cross-party members, could mark a turning point despite resistance from the cantonal executive.
The study will focus on three key aspects: identifying surplus energy sources in the canton, potential collaborations with Swiss miners, and the impact of mining on power grid stability. The reference model is Texas, where integrating mining into energy policies has already shown promising results.
According to the proposal, creating a favorable environment for Bitcoin-related companies could give Bern a competitive edge over other regions aspiring to become innovation hubs for digital assets:
“Bitcoin mining companies bring investments, create jobs and help many parts of the world develop renewable energy sources. For several years now, Bitcoin mining has been one of the greenest industries in the world.”
Through a post on X, parliamentarian Samuel Kullmann commented:
“Even though the debate was heavily influenced by classic FUD arguments and missed the point, the proposal ultimately found a clear majority. […] This result is an expression of the fact that the narrative on Bitcoin is changing.”
The Executive Council, while opposing the initiative, raised concerns about the international scale of energy consumption, noting that the canton is an energy exporter. It also highlighted the growing energy demand from traditional data centers.
https://atlas21.com/canton-bern-evaluates-bitcoin-mining-for-power-grid-stability/
BITCOIN - Ocean supports Samourai Wallet's legal defense despite past tensions
On November 27, @ocean_mining announced its support for the legal defense of Samourai Wallet‘s co-founders, who are currently facing federal charges. This gesture comes after moments of tension between the two teams, including accusations of transaction censorship directed at the mining pool.
Ocean has implemented a system allowing miners to contribute directly to the legal defense of Keonne Rodriguez and William Lonergan Hill, developers of Samourai Wallet accused of conspiracy to launder money and operating an unauthorized money transfer service. Miners can now direct their hash power to a dedicated address, ensuring that all fees generated are donated to the legal defense fund.
https://x.com/ocean_mining/s/ocean_mining/status/1861899102482813133
This development is particularly significant given that in December 2023, Samourai Wallet publicly accused Ocean of censoring their CoinJoin and BIP47 transactions. The controversy, centered on technical differences in protocol implementation (Ocean initially used Bitcoin Knots as its default client), sparked heated debate within the community.
Meanwhile, the legal case against Samourai’s founders continues. During the latest hearing at the Southern District of New York court, the prosecution presented evidence allegedly including a “flight plan” found at Rodriguez’s residence, containing passports, cash, emergency communication devices, and wallet seed phrases. The defense argued that it was a general emergency preparedness plan, but the judge maintained bail restrictions, including house arrest.
The next hearing is scheduled for December 17, while the defense attorneys are still reviewing over 8 terabytes of evidence provided by the prosecution.
https://atlas21.com/ocean-supports-samourai-wallets-legal-defense-despite-past-tensions/
CRYPTO - Trump aims to assign crypto oversight to the CFTC
In an effort to reshape the U.S. regulatory landscape for digital assets, Donald Trump‘s team is exploring a reform that could shift crypto oversight from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to the CFTC.
According to a report by Fox Business, the Trump administration plans to assign the CFTC a central role in regulating spot markets for digital assets classified as commodities and in overseeing exchange activities. This move would significantly reduce the SEC’s regulatory power.
Trump’s team argues that the SEC’s enforcement actions have hindered innovation in the U.S. digital asset space, advocating for a lighter regulatory approach to foster growth in the industry. For the crypto sector, this shift is seen as favorable since the CFTC is historically perceived as a less stringent regulator.
Chris Giancarlo, a former CFTC chairman, expressed optimism about the agency’s potential, stating that with adequate funding and proper leadership, the CFTC could begin regulating digital assets immediately.
Currently, the CFTC operates with a $706 million budget and employs around 700 staff, compared to the SEC’s $3 billion budget and 5,300 employees.
The proposed reform comes during a leadership transition for regulatory agencies. SEC Chairman Gary Gensler has already announced his resignation effective January 20, 2025, coinciding with Trump’s inauguration. SEC Commissioner Jaime Lizárraga is also set to step down.
https://atlas21.com/trump-aims-to-assign-crypto-oversight-to-the-cftc/
BITCOIN - Brazil: proposed Bitcoin strategic reserve to counter economic instability
On November 25, a bill was introduced in Brazil proposing the creation of the “Reserva Estratégica Soberana de Bitcoins” (RESBit), a national strategic reserve in bitcoin.
The proposal, presented by Deputy Eros Biondini, outlines the allocation of up to 5% of Brazil’s international reserves, currently estimated at around $372 billion, into bitcoin. The potential investment could reach $18.6 billion. The goal is to increase the country’s economic resilience in the face of currency fluctuations and geopolitical uncertainties.
The bill is part of an increasingly global context that is open to Bitcoin. Biondini cited examples such as Bitcoin’s adoption as legal tender in El Salvador and the approval of spot ETFs in the United States.
Several analysts have emphasized the significance of this move, describing it as part of a “national race” to acquire bitcoin.
The initiative further reinforces the view of Bitcoin as a strategic opportunity for managing national reserves.
https://atlas21.com/brazil-proposed-bitcoin-strategic-reserve-to-counter-economic-instability/
CRYPTO - US Court declares sanctions against Tornado Cash illegal
On November 26, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court issued a ruling against the authority of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, declaring the sanctions against the Tornado Cash mixer illegal.
The decision marks a turning point in the legal definition of smart contracts. A panel of three judges determined that Tornado Cash’s smart contracts cannot be classified as property and are therefore not subject to sanctions under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA).
The judges dismantled the Treasury’s accusations, asserting that the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) exceeded its regulatory powers. Since Tornado Cash’s smart contracts are autonomous and lack ownership, they fall outside OFAC’s jurisdiction. This ruling overturns a previous court decision.
Bill Hughes, an attorney with Consensys, commented that smart contracts are merely “lines of code,” more akin to tools than services. This legal interpretation could have significant implications for the future of open-source technology.
In August 2022, the Treasury had accused Tornado Cash of facilitating the laundering of over $7 billion in digital assets between 2019 and 2022. Despite this allegation, the Court found that sanctioning immutable code was beyond congressional authority.
Paul Grewal, Chief Legal Officer at Coinbase, emphasized the importance of the decision, stating that blocking open-source technology due to the actions of a small fraction of its users does not fall within the powers of the U.S. Congress.
The lawsuit was filed by six Tornado Cash users, supported by Coinbase, who challenged the inclusion of 44 smart contract addresses on the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list. The plaintiffs argued that the sanction was an overreach, as Tornado Cash is neither a person nor an entity but software.
Although the ruling is a positive development, Hughes noted that Tornado Cash’s blocked status remains unchanged. The case will now return to the district court for review under the newly established criteria.
https://atlas21.com/us-court-declares-sanctions-against-tornado-cash-illegal/