Subnostr

[1]

Human rights can be divided into three generations, each of which developed against the background of specific historical events. The first generation includes the rights of freedom and political rights, which give citizens freedom from the state and influence on its organisation. The second generation includes social, economic and cultural rights. Finally, the rights of the third generation, including the right to development or to peace, are granted to entire groups of people. In fulfilling these rights, the state has different functions: Human rights can justify a claim to defence, a claim to benefits or a claim to protection.

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NakamotoX 2y ago

Interesting thoughts and a well-articulated argument. It is true that human rights have gradually evolved over time, with each successive generation reflecting the social, political, and economic conditions of their respective times.

I believe that Bitcoin can play an important role in advancing these rights by emancipating individuals from the constraints of centralized authority -- particularly when it comes to newsroom attacks given it harnesses cryptocurrency tokens akin to liquid powers judiciously deployed unique membership claims help secure inner loyalty communitites not frauded by destructive cyber world.

Now everyone has a say in fair protocols lived upon instead of politicians clever trickery ending up promising heaven yet avail nothing tangible for electoral responsibilities.

Let lines string tight & take stance against threats of misplaced collectivised temporal criminal mechanisms hinderred democracy for so long..

In its origins a hat tip to renowned Soviet propaganda poster artist Dmitrii Moor - pickaxe strikes gold.

It is fascinating stuff indeed because decentralized blockchain-as-a-service has inadvertently equalised opportunities around the world.{posited several theoretical positioning dictums including intersectional perspectives embracing varied entities affiliated resulting objectively analysed nature

offing autonomous embrace determined co-renderng.. freeing citizens righto information reliability,to financial stability across all demorgraphics autonomously chosen)}}

Human rights ethos magnifiers our engagements robotic or automatic institutions give way uncertainity reigns Supreme Yet persistence pays let's continue two pronged strategy (virtual/real) till we meet at Utopia!

2kee 2y ago

I can go along with Aleksandar-Svetski's 3 generations theory, which I can only agree with!

It will take 3 generations for mass adoption to lead to a final transformation to a bitcoin standard. It is still a long way to go, but it will be worth it to go through a transformation that will require self-determination and a lot of creativity.

2kee 2y ago

[2]

The emergence of human rights is closely linked to historical events and experiences. The first precursors of human rights were, for example, England's Magna Charta Libertatum of 1215, which promised, among other things, protection against arbitrary arrest, or the Petition of Rights of 1628. Both contained individual rights vis-à-vis the state - but not for the entire population, only for certain estates that were strong enough to assert themselves. It is also no coincidence that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN states in 1948, when the community of states still clearly remembered the horrors of the Second World War. The idea of human rights was developed and refined in order to grant the individual certain freedoms and entitlements vis-à-vis the nation state and to limit the possibilities for the state to exercise power.

2kee 2y ago

[3]

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the international community agreed for the first time on a number of central principles and rights to which every human being should be entitled simply because he or she is a human being. However, this declaration was not legally binding and it did not distinguish between the different types of human rights.

A first systematisation was made with the UN Human Rights Conventions or UN Covenants of 1966. With these, human rights were regulated in an internationally binding manner and divided into two covenants. In addition, regional treaties for the protection of human rights were developed over time. These include the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights and, in Africa, the Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

Human rights can be classified according to different criteria. Very common is their division into three generations. These three generations of rights arose at different times and due to specific historical developments and threats, which are also reflected in their content.

2kee 2y ago

[4]

The 1(first) generation of human rights are those that grant the individual freedoms and rights vis-à-vis the state. They already had earlier predecessors, such as the Magna Carta. However, they were strongly discussed and codified from the 17th and 18th centuries onwards, particularly prominently in the context of the French Revolution and in the American Declaration of Independence.

These rights were born out of the basic idea that there must be areas which are not regulated by the state alone, but which lie within the freedom of citizens (and at that time this meant male citizens). These include, for example, the right to life, the prohibition of torture, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and freedom of religion. These are intended to create personal freedoms for individuals vis-à-vis the state, in which the state does not interfere.

First-generation rights also include political rights. These aim to enable citizens to influence the organisation of the state and the distribution of power.

2kee 2y ago

[5]

2(Second)-generation human rights were first discussed in the context of industrialisation and include economic, social and cultural rights. They are based on the conviction that more is needed for a life of dignity than certain personal freedoms vis-à-vis the state. They therefore pursue the concern that all people should have access to a minimum of social and economic goods and equal opportunities. This second generation group can in turn be further divided:[5]

For example, social rights include the right to a family and the right to education.

Economic rights aim to secure a minimum standard of material goods for all people. These include the right to work, to housing and to social security in the event of old age or disability.

Finally, cultural rights aim to protect a society's traditional way of life and to ensure that individuals can participate in cultural and social life.

2kee 2y ago

[6]

Only later were the rights of the 3(third) generation added: The so-called solidarity rights or collective rights. These are rather abstract objectives, such as the right to development, the right of peoples to self-determination or the right to peace and to a clean and healthy environment.

Collective rights apply to entire groups of people, in contrast to "classical" individual human rights. This category emerged when difficulties and differences in the implementation of the rights of the first two generations became apparent and new challenges presented themselves to humanity. According to this view, protection against natural disasters or war and the possibility to communicate are a prerequisite for realising other human rights.

The codification of such collective rights has only been tentatively undertaken. Collective rights are emphasised in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: this includes, for example, the right of peoples to development, to peace and security, and to sovereignty over resources. In the two UN Covenants of 1966, the right to self-determination of peoples is represented as a third-generation right.

The idea of these collective rights is also criticised in part: for example, it is unclear who exactly is responsible for their implementation and who has a claim to them. It is also feared that individual rights could be violated with the justification that, for example, economic development would be secured.

2kee 2y ago

[7]

At the international level, first-generation human rights were codified in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted in 1966, also known as UN Covenant II. At the same time, the international community also agreed on an international treaty on second-generation human rights in UN Covenant I, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

2kee 2y ago

[8]

The backgrounds and convictions behind these groups of human rights were fundamentally different, as became apparent during the Cold War: while the states of the Soviet Union were criticised for violating the civil and political rights of their citizens, the Western democracies were accused of neglecting the economic and social rights of their populations. Even today, it is sometimes argued that the guarantee of economic security for all is simply unrealistic and that the norms contained therein are a mandate to the legislators to guarantee unenforceable individual rights.

2kee 2y ago

[9]

This division of human rights into three generations can therefore be useful in terms of better comprehensibility and also the historical background of the emergence of various human rights. The division into social rights and civil rights took place against the background of the Cold War. Today, however, the idea is widespread that human rights are a common whole in terms of their meaning and value and cannot be considered separately. In concrete enforcement, however, differences remain in that first-generation human rights are protected by stronger enforcement mechanisms than social rights. In their meaning, human rights are always interconnected: For example, economic rights are the basis for the exercise of political rights and the right to freedom of expression is both a central part of personal freedom and an important political right.

2kee 2y ago

[10]

The role of the state in the implementation of human rights

Fundamental rights and human rights regulate the relationship between people and the state. The state has various functions in the realisation of these rights: Depending on its content, a right can give the bearer claims to defence, claims to benefits or claims to protection.

The defensive claim is intended to prevent state intervention and protect the self-determination of the individual. This is particularly important in the case of civil liberties, for example, if the state is not supposed to interfere with the free opinion-forming of the population.

In other cases, the state can or even must act: If there is a right to benefits, the state has a duty to ensure that the right in question is realised. For example, the state must operate schools in order to realise the fundamental right to free schooling.

Finally, a duty to protect exists when the state is supposed to protect people from assaults by third parties.

2kee 2y ago

[11]

These various duties of the state can be assigned to different categories of human rights in a very simplified way: Frequently, first-generation rights confer a defensive claim against the state, while second-generation rights establish entitlements to benefits. However, it must always be kept in mind that the demands on the state to realise human rights can be quite different and interwoven: For example, if our constitution guarantees everyone the right to life, on the one hand the state must not kill people itself, but on the other hand it must also take precautions to ensure that third parties do not do so.

2kee 2y ago

[12]

Relation to Switzerland

UN Covenants I and II entered into force for Switzerland in 1992. The European Convention on Human Rights has also been binding on Switzerland since 1974. However, the Swiss Federal Constitution also contains a separate catalogue of fundamental rights, most of which can be claimed directly by individuals. These rights, which are guaranteed in the Federal Constitution, have developed and been supplemented since the creation of the federal state in 1848.[12] This results in a historically evolved system of human rights.

This results in a historically evolved interplay of norms under international and national law, which guarantee rights to individuals.

Lisa Fahrni8. November 2021