There is a 4th way:

Grow the economy.

For instance, by utilizing some new technology.

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Speaking of new tech. As a superconductive material, do ya think LK-99 will have a positive or negative effect on mining difficulty? Lol. This discussion went on for awhile, last night. 😁

This is true. But one could say it is a form of austerity as well...

The economy grows is the government retreats from as many markets as possible.

I am talking about what the government can do to reduce debt. Technological progress never comes from the government. The only thing they can to to push GDP (at least on a nominal basis) is via stimulus aka expanding money supply.

They can hope on magical GDP growth but that’s not really an actionable option.

I’m not even sure what “grow the economy" means.

I am sure that mindless over consumption is evil.