Bitcoin scales by sharing UTXO ownership. On lightning, a UTXO is shared between two entities. That's a start, but you won't onboard earth population, and they have to be online to transact. Custodial solutions also share their UTXO with all the members they provide service to. Better scaling, but well, you know, it's custodial.

The thing is, we're struggling to non-custodially share a UTXO between more participants, especially if they can't be frequently online. We've been shearching since the early days of lightning. Having a covenant that protects your share of the UTXO while you are offline seems to be the missing piece of the puzzle every single time.

There are proposals that go into this direction, but it still feels unclear for now. I think we need a covenant, coupled with a protocol proposal (Ark maybe ?) that enables just that, and not too much more.