I read about this but can't remember where... it was in the context of quantum computers. Basically there are ways to create quantum-resistant private keys that work with the bitcoin protocol. You would have to sweep your funds to a new key. I don't think we can strengthen existing keys if they become vulnerable. Inconvenient, but not fatal to the timechain.
Discussion
Strengthening existing keys is exactly the problem I'm curious of it CAN be solved.
The "finding Satoshi's wallet" problem is what I'm curious if can be prevented if the need arises in the very distant future.