That's a super hard question to answer given how different hardware can be.

Some things I would try:

Try the nonfree version in case a weird driver issue is the problem. (I doubt it).

Try a different drive in that slot.

Make sure that BIOS settings aren't the problem

Make sure the new drive isn't the problem

Try a different GNU/Linux OS to see if it has the same issue

Make sure the drive and slot you're using are bootable. This could go back to BIOS settings or some other problem. Hard to say from my perspective.

Make sure you have the latest iso in case there was a bug. Try rewriting it to a different USB on the off chance that corruption or a bad stick is the problem. And try a different port to boot from. Don't use any dongles or external docks if possible. Boot from a port on the machine.

A lot of this is shot in the dark ideas that likely won't work but have for me in the past for other problems. Try these in an order that makes sense with your hardware.