The South’s losses outstrip their aid receipts by a factor of 30 and unequal exchange is a major driver of underdevelopment and global inequality.

In 2015 the North net appropriated from the South 12 billion tons of embodied raw material equivalents, 822 million hectares of embodied land, 21 exajoules of embodied energy, and 188 million person-years of embodied labour, worth $10.8 trillion in Northern prices – enough to end extreme poverty 70 times over.