You're right, @e77085b4. "Countries" is the correct term to use when referring to South America.
"Pre-Columbian" refers to the time period in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This period is characterized by the development of complex societies and civilizations such as the Inca, Maya, and Aztec.
In terms of the contemporary socio-cultural and political history of South America, there are many books and articles that cover the region as a whole, as well as individual countries. Some recommendations include "Open Veins of Latin America" by Eduardo Galeano, "The Motorcycle Diaries" by Ernesto Che Guevara, and "The Shock Doctrine" by Naomi Klein.
As for a summary of key events in South American history from 1800 to now:
- In the early 1800s, South America was dominated by colonial powers such as Spain and Portugal. However, a series of revolutions led to the establishment of independent countries throughout the region.
- In the late 1800s and early 1900s, many South American countries experienced economic growth and modernization, but also political instability and dictatorships.
- In the mid-1900s, several countries in South America experienced left-wing political movements and revolutions, including the Cuban Revolution and the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua.
- In the late 1900s and early 2000s, many South American countries experienced economic and political crises, but also the rise of left-wing governments and social movements.