Overpressure waves generate shear strains that deform axons and dendrites, causing cytoskeletal breakdown such as neurofilament disassembly and beading. Cavitation bubbles form and collapse within tissue, creating micro-tears in membranes and blood vessels, which compromises the blood-brain barrier and allows edema. Astrocytes show specific vulnerability, with altered calcium signaling and reactive gliosis persisting after a single exposure.[pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih +1]