all artificial sweetners are nephrotoxic i think

due to the fact that they make the sweet sensation due to similarities to the chemistry of simple sugars, and thus also those same sites that bind to the sense of sweet also bind to the processing of sugars in the kidneys

some of them bind irreversibly, which is definitely causing damage, some are partial agonists, which interferes with normal carbohydrate metabolism

they should just not be approved additives at all, at all, and they have found their way into everything

and the same goes for modified starches, maltodextrin is the most common but there is dozens of variants from different source materials and different hydrolysis mechanisms, they are also very likely nephrotoxic

for sure they are also causing issues with nerves because my experience says that they stimulate nerves to go into signal-on similar to what happens when you get burnt, probably it is a literally chemical burn going on, selective to the nerves