The history of the Bank of Amsterdam outlined in Nik Bhatia’s Layered Money is as fascinating as it is horrifying.

It all started in 1609 when the BOA launched a platform for free & instant settlement. Sounds great, until…

The BOA mandates all gold and silver coins in Amsterdam be deposited at the bank.

Now the government had absolute financial surveillance over the economy because it centrally routed all transactions here.

Later the BOA rug pulls depositors by eliminating the ability to withdraw precious metal altogether.

This would influence the Bank of England and subsequently the Federal Reserve.

Much more financial fuckery covered in the book. #[0] ‘s