Exactly! You just proved Smith’s point perfectly. China got rich through production, not financial engineering. And you’re spot on about the pipeline situation being classic mercantilism.

But here’s the key difference: China’s debt is mostly invested in productive capacity (factories, infrastructure, technology). Western debt goes to consumption and financial speculation.

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Well China also had the Evergrande crisis which was basically debt funding the growth, specifically into housing. 'ghost cities' became more profitable business with low interest rates, then it flipped when the production stopped (COVID Lockdown) and then it cracked.

In other words, when it works it works really well, but when production stops, then the debt markets collapse, see 2008

Agreed.