It has to do with sums of infinite series.
In the first joke, the bartender thinks what’s coming is fractional powers of two. The sum of 1 +1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + … = 1/2^0 + 1/2^1 + 1/2^2 + 1/2^3 + 1/2^4 + … = 2. That is, the sum of the series converges to 2. So he slams two beers to finish the sum rather than infinitely pouring smaller and smaller beers.
In the second joke, before the bartender can cut them off, the third mathematician reveals a different series: 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/5 + 1/6 + … = ∞. That is, the sum of the series diverges. So there’s no skipping to the end. The bartender has to just keep pouring smaller and smaller beers forever.
Like any joke, it’s less funny explained. I guess the crux is the reversal of fortune. The bartender, annoyed, dealt with a troll by finishing the first joke early. But the troll won in the end in a reversal.
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Thank you. I never would have figured that out. now I can get a laugh out of it and reuse it on some poor, unsuspecting soul.
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