#[0] As soon as you try to get too specific with the nature of things, it comes off as fanfic about the world. It must be accepted that the nature of things is only itself, and to try to comprehend it as one may comprehend a machine is extraordinarily foolish. It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words; the world is worth infinite words and so no amount of words can create a net wide enough to capture it.
Discussion
The medieval Christians and Muslims tried to systematize the world metaphysically through foundationalist epistemology, and insofar as you can assume properly basic beliefs hold, you can actually take that pretty far. Until you get a David Hume, who attacks the foundations of proof, what it even constitutes, how you can even go about justifying your most basic assumptions, and then the entire method eats itself. Modern philosophy like Nietzsche is more like psychology than it is classical philosophy.