**Operation Gladio** was a covert NATO-led program during the Cold War, involving "stay-behind" armies across Europe, meant to resist a Soviet invasion through guerrilla tactics and sabotage. However, it became controversial due to its links with far-right groups and involvement in domestic terrorism, notably in Italy during the **Years of Lead**. These covert forces were accused of staging attacks, like the **1980 Bologna bombing**, to create fear and justify anti-communist measures. Despite being exposed in 1990, Gladio is believed by some to still be operational, with ongoing concerns about its role in political manipulation.