Unfortunately I'm not a meteorologist so can't comment on cloud formations and altituds, but none of the particulates, liquids, or gases in diesel engine exhausts have been linked with geo-engineering (or at least I haven't seen a scientific paper citing as such)

With regards disobeying regulations, like all regulations, not everyone obeys and some vessels use high sulfur content fuel and log lower SOX emissions in order to appear 'greener'. But the vast majority or vessels comply with the regulations as the penalties for not complying outweigh the perceived benefit of flaunting the regulations