On this day: 09/01/681

Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.

On this day: 09/01/1127

Jin-Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty.

On this day: 09/01/1349

The Jewish population of Basel, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death, is rounded up and incinerated.

On this day: 09/01/1431

The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen.

On this day: 09/01/1760

Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas in the Battle of Barari Ghat.

On this day: 09/01/1787

The nationally known image of the Black Nazarene in the Philippines was transferred from what is now Rizal Park to its present shrine in the minor basilica of Quiapo Church. This is annually commemorated through its Traslación (solemn transfer) in the streets of Manila and is attended by millions of devotees.

On this day: 09/01/1788

Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the United States Constitution.

On this day: 09/01/1792

Treaty of Jassy between Russian and Ottoman Empire is signed, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92.

On this day: 09/01/1793

Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States.

On this day: 09/01/1799

British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars.