there is a limit on how many people can maintain lightning channels at the same time. whenever the L1 is saturated, anyone else who wants to interact with lightning has to go through a custodian. it is nice when L1 fees are low but that is not currently the intended default state. L1 needs fees for its security budget. they are supposed to be high all the time according to core developers. when that happens, many users are priced out of owning their own channels and they end up in things like cashu mints or wallet of satoshi, where they can be rugged or debanked. the only way to make sure that more people are protected is by making self-custody more accessible, and for that to happen bitcoin needs more innovation. that's not happening right now, it's only scaling via custodians.