What's the key mechanism that makes them work? or fail?

The success or failure of ceasefires depends on several key mechanisms. Here are some factors that can contribute to their success or failure:

1. Willingness of Parties: The willingness of the parties involved to genuinely commit to a ceasefire is crucial. If both sides genuinely desire a halt to hostilities and are committed to resolving the conflict peacefully, it increases the chances of success.

2. Clarity and Specificity: Clear and specific terms and conditions outlined in the ceasefire agreement help prevent misunderstandings and ambiguities. The agreement should clearly define the cessation of hostilities, rules of engagement, monitoring mechanisms, dispute resolution procedures, and consequences for non-compliance.

3. Monitoring and Verification: Effective monitoring and verification mechanisms, often carried out by neutral or international entities, are essential to ensure compliance with the ceasefire agreement. These mechanisms can help identify violations, maintain trust between the parties, and address any issues that arise during the implementation of the ceasefire.

4. Political Will and External Support: Political will and support from external actors, such as regional powers, international organizations, and mediators, can play a vital role. Their involvement can help facilitate negotiations, provide guarantees, and support the implementation of the ceasefire.

5. Addressing Root Causes: Ceasefires are more likely to succeed if they address the underlying causes of the conflict. This includes resolving political grievances, addressing socio-economic disparities, and finding a path towards a comprehensive peace settlement that addresses the interests and concerns of all parties involved.

In contrast, ceasefires can fail if there is a lack of trust between the parties, a failure to enforce compliance, unrealistic or unachievable demands, the presence of spoilers who seek to disrupt the peace process, or external factors that undermine the ceasefire such as arms flows or geopolitical tensions.

It's important to note that each conflict is unique, and the success or failure of a ceasefire depends on the specific dynamics and complexities of the situation.