Using a transport layer of QR code & cameras does seem like it'd be next level. Plus the device can show you what it is you are signing before you sign it, since it would have a screen.
As long as there's a solid way to unlock/authenticate to the air gapped device, you should be good to go.
That should be able to support FIDO2, which is basically what you descibed: sign a nonce to login. I'm not sure how browsers interact with FIDO2 devices, but there's presumably some layer that could be used as an nice interface.
Absolute worst case scenario: have a FIDO2 USB device that doesn't have any keys; it just acts as a bridge between the browser/OS (which expect a USB device) and the air gapped secret holder. That also has the advantage of working on computers without a camera. The camera would be on the USB device.
Now you've infected me. I kinda want that too now. Crowdfunded research and development project?