Don‘t hype the buzzwords blockchain/dApp and SmartContracts to much. It is not about them.

Every IT network is „interconnected“ and has „participants“, developers.

SmartContracts are just if/then functions

DApps are just apps and don’t require Blockchain do be decentralized or are even decentralized just because they are using blockchain.

Interoperability is also another buzzword. Every protocol is just build to enable communication between devices what is basically nothing else than interoperability.