With both studies that show an effect and studies that show zero effect I ask the exact same questions:

1. Was the study done sufficiently?

2. Who paid for the study?

3. Did they pay for the study before seeing the results? Or did they buy a study that “proved” their point of view?

If any of these questions are not clearly answered that the study itself can be disregarded in my view 🤔

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Discussion

Don't have to disregard facts, but you can of course pick up and detect biases. Hence why authors have to declare conflict of interest and acknowledgement.

This was a meta-study.

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of acute respiratory viruses.

Search methods

We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and two trials registers in October 2022, with backwards and forwards citation analysis on the new studies.

Selection criteria

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs investigating physical interventions (screening at entry ports, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, personal protection, hand hygiene, face masks, glasses, and gargling) to prevent respiratory virus transmission.

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6/information#CD006207-sec-0230