But aren’t “ends” always subjective? A person might think they’re noble, like “stopping covid from spreading”.
And to meet this end they make the population suffer by lockdowns and un-tested vaccines? it’s just an example, but my point is are the “ends” ever going to be able to justify bad actions?
Also I’m assuming here that in the cases we are talking about the means are always bad because if you can get your goals by harmless actions, nobody would care.