My current position is that if your equipment/setup is good enough, you shouldn’t need to raise the volume of headphones/earbuds above 30%.
Discussion
I think it’s a mistake to think that more volume = hearing more details. You should be able to hear everything clearly at extremely low volumes, such that turning the volume way up just feels like dialing something up that isn’t necessary at all, and is just increasing hearing damage.
Yeah, and also can vary band to band and how the music is mixed/mastered.
There were a few albums by the band “Elbow” that had this sticker on them that said something like “don’t turn it up”. I wish I could remember more about it - maybe other bands did it too. I seem to remember looking it up at the time, and it was essentially something about the mix not being overly compressed or normalized during mastering, so the final mix was extremely dynamic. Quiet bits were quiet, loud bits were loud.
Their albums always sounded beautiful.