“Bitcoin solved the double‑spending problem with a global ledger that is independently verified by all nodes on the network. However, to achieve this, Satoshi’s solution traded off the speed and privacy offered by physical cash. Chaumian ecash grafted onto bitcoin reverses that trade‑off. An ecash mint handles double‑spend detection, while users regain instant, local finality along with the option to collapse the token back into money whenever connectivity returns.”
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