That sounds like advanced peer to peer networks, involving network nodes and end nodes to help relay data streams between CP-CP connections or major nodes through enterprise extenders.
Keeping data integrity between each hop is hard without encryption over the Internet but then the sender needs to know the end node for decryption, which could give away the route.
Mainframes and existing financial systems can get away with this because of network layering, network security, api security, and dark fiber.