>Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include obesity, prior hypertension, older age[!], and diabetes mellitus

>IUGR [Intra-Uterine growth restriction, main cause of low birth weight] is caused by a variety of factors; these can be fetal, maternal, placental or genetic factors.[11]MaternalPre-pregnancy weight and nutritional statusPoor weight gain during pregnancy, Malnutrition, Anemia, Substance use: smoking, alcohol, drugs including marijuana or cocaineMedication: warfarin, steroids, anticonvulsants, Inter-pregnancy interval of less than 6 months, Assisted reproductive technologies [!], Pre-gestational diabetes, Gestational diabetes, Pulmonary disease, Cardiovascular disease, Kidney disease, Hypertension, Celiac disease increases the risk of intrauterine growth restriction by an odds ratio of approximately 2.48[14], Subclinical hypothyroidism[15], Blood clotting disorder/disease (e.g., Factor V Leiden)

>The cause of spontaneous preterm birth is often not known.[2] Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, multiple gestation (being pregnant with more than one baby), being either obese or underweight, vaginal infections, air pollution exposure, tobacco smoking, and psychological stress[!].