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The Academic Perspective on Bitcoin and the Lightning Network
The Academic Perspective
The academic perspective on Bitcoin and the Lightning Network is vast. There are many papers written about both technologies, but we'll focus on two in particular: "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by Satoshi Nakamoto and "Lightning Networks" by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja (the original authors). Both of these papers were published in 2008, which means they were written before many people had heard of Bitcoin or even blockchain technology.
In his paper, Nakamoto describes how transactions work between two parties without an intermediary such as a bank or credit card company; he also explains how nodes keep track of balances in each account so that users can send money back and forth securely without needing any third party verification system like PayPal or Venmo. He calls this system "electronic cash."