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1. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) estimates:

- The global shadow economy is equivalent to 13-15% of worldwide GDP, amounting to $11-13 trillion annually.

2. Study by Friedrich Schneider:

- The size of the global shadow economy was equivalent to about 31.9% of official GDP in 2020.

3. IMF (International Monetary Fund) report:

- The average size of the shadow economy across 158 countries was around 31.9% of official GDP between 1991-2015.

4. Journal of Economic Surveys paper:

- The size of the shadow economy was equivalent to 35-44% of official GDP in developing countries.

- The size of the shadow economy was equivalent to 15-17% of official GDP in OECD countries.

5. Global Financial Integrity organization:

- The value of illicit financial flows (a major component of the grey economy) was estimated to be $1.6 - $4.6 trillion per year.

6. OECD statement:

- The shadow economy can be as large as 50-60% of official GDP in some developing countries.