I could write a book I suppose? 😂

In the mean time:

This is how root servers work in DNS:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_name_server

Here is an example of a typical DNS zone file that would be stored on your or your ISP's DNS server

https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/4/html/reference_guide/s2-bind-zone-examples

AS Numbers are described here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_system_%28Internet%29

BGP routing is how the Internet decides how to route the majority of traffic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol