I'm glad you have pointed out that the meaning of gender is a point on a spectrum between masculine and feminine, not a point on a spectrum between male and female.

Since the definition of man is an adult human male, not an adult human masculine person, and the definition of woman is an adult human female, not an adult human feminine person, transgender males can never become women, only more feminine males, and transgender females can never become men, only more masculine females. The transgender flag itself makes this clear, as you say.

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“Male” and “man” are words for predominantly masculine people, regardless of genitalia. “Female” and “woman” are words for predominantly feminine people, regardless of genitalia.

Wrong. Male means that you are of the phenotype that produces a specific type of gamete, called the male gamete, small gamete, or sperm. Female means that you are of the phenotype that produces the other type of gamete, called the female gamete, large gamete, or ovum. One of each gamete is required for human reproduction. No human can produce both gametes.

Some men are more masculine and some are more feminine. Some women are more feminine and some are more masculine. One's gender (masculine traits versus feminine traits) is a social construct and is an independent dimension from one's sex. Saying that men should only be masculine and that women should only be feminine, and/or that gender stereotypes define them as men and women, is sexist and regressive.

I will agree with you that the shape of your genitalia is not strictly relevant to your sex, male or female. Intersex people do exist albeit very rare, and the shape of their genitalia do not conform to the norms of their sexual phenotype. However, if you have complete male genitalia and produce sperm, you are a man and will always be a man even if you amputate your penis and scrotum and get silicone implanted chesticles. If you have a womb and produce eggs, you will still be a woman even if you mutilate your breasts and vulva and take testosterone to make your voice deep, grow facial hair and develop "male pattern baldness", which really should be called testosterone baldness since it is the testosterone causing it, not the fact of being male.

We are more or less in agreement here except for the fact that I (like the vast majority of people in everyday conversation) am using the common understanding of the terms male, female, man, and woman to refer to one’s gender, not one’s biological sex in clinical definition.

Might I also point out (hopefully without sounding like I’m trying to argue, because I’m really not) that this is why I use the common terms transgender, gender fluid, genderqueer, etc rather than transex, etc. You are right, in clinical, scientific terms, there are effectively 3 sexes. Male, female, and intersex, but in everyday use, gender is what people are referring to when they say things like male, female, man, woman.