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Discussion
OK, that explains it somewhat but (roll with me, I am genuinely asking) the moon and the sun appear to be at 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock. That would have the earth in a position to the right of your diagram. Which would then give me a fuller, if not full face of the moon, no?
It would just depend on your position on the planet as to what position the sun and moon are in the sky.
If you teleport to a different country they would be in different positions, like maybe no sun (night) but still a moon in the sky
I get that but given the distances involved and size of the objects. Above (possibly below) someone has suggested the use of a candle etc... I don't dismiss doing that but the metrics wouldn't add up. The darkened room would need to be the size of the world for the candle to represent the sun.
Coming back to the position on the earth, unless the light bends, as I can see both objects clearly in the sky... Although your input is more convincing at the moment
I would recommend you start with the shadow on the moon. Start from there, and work back to the sun in the direction you think the sun should be, from the shadow that is cast. Then you will realise just how much further away the sun is from earth.
I understand that 93 million miles is a lot further than ¼ million
The distance doesn't really factor into it as you can do a thought experiment in your mind.
Imagine you are in a dark room with a torch on one end and you and a ball on the other end in different corners.
The torch is shining towards you and the ball.
If you face the ball directly you can see that the half facing the torch is lit and the other half is in shadow. You might be able to see the torch out of the corner of your eye.
If you swivel on the spot you can get to an angle where the torch and the ball are equal angles from the center of your point of view, that is 10 & 2.
You can keep swiveling until only the torch is visible and keep going until only the ball is visible.
None of this changes the shadow on the ball.