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Orca trying to feed a diver with an offering of fish 👀🤯👀🤯

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Earth’s Climate Has Always Been Changing — With or Without Humans

While human activity is now a major driver of climate change, scientists emphasize that Earth’s climate has never been static. In fact, the planet has undergone countless transformations over millions of years—long before humans appeared.

“Climate change isn’t a new phenomenon,” says Dr. Lisa Randall, a geoscientist at the University of Utah. “Earth’s climate system has always been dynamic, responding to everything from shifting continents to changes in the sun’s intensity.”

Natural Forces at Work

One of the key drivers of long-term climate change is Earth’s own orbit. Known as **Milankovitch cycles**, these include changes in the planet’s tilt, orbit shape, and axial wobble, all of which affect how sunlight is distributed across the globe over tens of thousands of years. These cycles are linked to major climate events, such as the onset and retreat of ice ages.

Volcanic activity has also played a significant role. Massive eruptions can cool the Earth temporarily by releasing aerosols that reflect sunlight, while sustained volcanic activity over geologic time can pump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to long-term warming.

In addition, **solar cycles**—periodic changes in the sun’s energy output—have influenced Earth’s climate on shorter timescales. Meanwhile, the movement of tectonic plates has slowly reshaped continents, rerouted ocean currents, and altered the global climate in the process.

A History of Dramatic Shifts

Evidence from ice cores, ocean sediments, and ancient rock formations paints a vivid picture of a planet that has swung between extremes. Earth has experienced multiple **“Snowball Earth”** episodes—where ice may have reached the equator—as well as **greenhouse periods** when tropical forests thrived near the poles.

Mass extinction events, such as the one that ended the Permian period 252 million years ago, were likely linked to massive climate shifts caused by volcanic activity and changing atmospheric conditions.

Human Acceleration

What’s different today is the **pace** of change. Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has led to unprecedented levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, significantly warming the planet in just a couple of centuries—a blink in geologic time.

Still, scientists stress that understanding natural climate variability is crucial. “It gives us context,” says Dr. Randall. “It shows us how powerful Earth's systems are—and how our actions now intersect with those natural rhythms.”

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