You referred to Israel's system as being racist and divisive.

Which neighboring country would you say has a system that you would hold up as being neither racist nor divisive?

How does that neighbouring country deal with minority religious groups?

Does it offer naturalization to individuals who are a part of minority religious groups?

On the Ottomans:

Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and Syria took place between 1798 and 1801.

The modernization reforms started in 1839.

The empire was already weak, as it suffered from a similar problem the Byzantine Romans experienced, having to be in conflict with multiple rivals on multiple flanks.

On Syria:

Assad's government was always going to fall. The question was when his government would collapse not if. He only 'won' the civil war because of the ground troops provided to his side by Iran.

Assad from 2019 onwards essentially became in practice, the mayor of Damascus. He couldn't control Syria.

Ahmed Al-Sharaa is not a friend with Israel.

He broke away from both isis and Al Qaeda. He is at war with both of them. In particular Isis have said recently their conflict with him is on the level of methodology, creed- essentially between Islam or 'democracy'.