It'd be easier to say watch global weather conditions and study meteorology and trends....

Ummm.... {I might be missing some - I'm all over the place lol}

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromausfall_in_Europa_2025

https://www.welt.de/256028240

https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2025/04/28/pedro-sanchez-y-la-ministra-sara-aagesen-se-trasladan-a-la-sede-de-red-electrica-para-hacer-seguimiento-del-apagon-cadena-ser/

https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/apagon-generalizado-espana-millones-personas-quedan-suministroectrico.html

https://elpais.com/economia/2025-04-28/red-electrica-calcula-que-haran-falta-horas-para-recuperarse-de-un-apagon-absolutamente-excepcional.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_power_outage

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/large-parts-spain-portugal-hit-by-power-outage-2025-04-28/

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-28/most-of-spain-hit-by-electricity-outage-for-unknown-reason

https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2025/04/28/spain-power-outage-portugal-france-blackout/

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/28/spain-portugal-hit-huge-power-outages

https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-april-heat-in-spain-portugal-morocco-algeria-almost-impossible-without-climate-change/

https://jennqprudence.pages.dev/tzoamcq-weather-in-portugal-in-april-2025-photos-gvffoeg/

https://weatherspark.com/h/m/150463/2024/4/Historical-Weather-in-April-2024-in-Costa-del-Algarve-Portugal

https://www.easeweather.com/europe/spain/april

___

### Portugal

Lisbon: Clear skies with temperatures around 72°F (22°C).

Porto: Sunny conditions with temperatures near 70°F (21°C).

Evora: Clear skies and temperatures approximately 73°F (23°C).

Funchal (Madeira): Partly cloudy with temperatures around 68°F (20°C).

### Spain

Madrid: Sunny with temperatures about 70°F (21°C).

Barcelona: Clear skies and temperatures near 68°F (20°C).

Seville: Sunny conditions with temperatures around 74°F (23°C).

Bilbao: Clear skies and temperatures approximately 72°F (22°C).

### France

Paris: Sunny with temperatures about 70°F (21°C).

Lyon: Clear skies and temperatures near 68°F (20°C).

Marseille: Sunny conditions with temperatures around 72°F (22°C).

Bordeaux: Clear skies and temperatures approximately 69°F (21°C).

___

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/57/3/jamc-d-17-0215.1.xml

https://climatology.edpsciences.org/articles/climat/full_html/2022/01/climat20221904/climat20221904.html

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2013JD020590

https://www.yr.no/en/forecast/daily-table/2-2267430

https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/9/9/139

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326057935_Temperature_inversions_due_to_warm_air_advections_at_low_levels_significant_thermal_constrast_in_the_Vega_Media_of_the_Segura_River_Southeast_Spain

https://www.eldoradoweather.com/wd-alt/wxmesonetmap-IPWN.php

https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/farm-management/chemicals/spraying-agricultural-chemicals/managing-spray-drift/recognising-surface-temperature-inversions

https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/LPPT.html

Météo-France, the French national meteorological service, conducts atmospheric monitoring that detects ionization phenomena.

The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) monitors atmospheric conditions and can provide data on localized ionization events.

AEMET Sapin's agency for monitoring weather

Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

https://earth.esa.int/eogateway

____

### **Large-Scale Atmospheric Ion Generation via Corona Plasma**  ###

(Study: *Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics*)

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/11717/2020/

➔ **Describes experiments creating large fields of atmospheric ions using a 7.2 km wire and high-voltage corona discharge; models ion diffusion and effects under varying weather.**

### **Ionization of Air by Corona Discharge**  ###

(Thesis: University of Texas at Arlington)

https://arc.uta.edu/publications/td_files/paniker.pdf

➔ A detailed mechanical and physical breakdown of how corona discharge initiates in air; covers voltage thresholds, electrode geometry, and ionization characteristics.

### **Field Ionization Sensors (Trichel Pulses)**  ###

(Study: *Sensors* Journal)

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10381

➔ **Research on sensors that detect weak ion currents through repetitive Trichel pulses; demonstrates how corona-generated ions can be measured and used for monitoring.**

### **Corona Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry**  ###

(Study: *Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry*)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13361-018-1970-6

➔ **Focuses on predicting ion currents in mass spectrometry setups using corona discharges; important for understanding real-world signal strength and plasma dynamics.**