Confounding occurs when the relationship between an exposure (such as a risk factor or treatment) and a disease or outcome is distorted by the presence of another factor (called a confounder).
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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/25152459221095827
Confounders can make it difficult to determine the true relationship between the exposure and the outcome, because they can create the semblance of a more direct association that is not actually present.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Moderated_mediation_with_two_independent_variables
Exempli gratia:
1) https://open.oregonstate.education/epidemiology/chapter/effect-modification/
2) https://www.japi.org/r2e4e454/measures-of-association
There are two main types of measures of association: crude and adjusted. Crude measures of association are based on the raw data and do not take into account any confounding factors.
⛀ Boston University School of Public Health
⛀ Effect Modification Flashcards
https://quizlet.com/412490992/effect-modification-flash-cards/
Adjusted measures of association can give a more accurate estimate of the true relationship between the exposure and the outcome, because they take into account the effect of confounders by statistically controlling for them.
