Good lord people I can't believe I have to spell this out.

In order to scale on L2 and above there first needs to be changes made on L1.

L2 cannot exist without L1, you cannot magically scale L2 forever without making serious changes to L1.

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CTV ! CTV ! CTV !

what changes are required in L1? would that depend on the L2 implementation (Lightning vs Liquid vs ...)

Liquid isn't L2, it's a sidechain.

thx for the amend, going to have to read more about Liquid ⚡️

I consider that a level 2

One of the main changes needed on L1 would be the addition of covenants.

This enables scaling on L1 via UTXO sharing and scaling on L2 via non-interactive channels and channel factories.

have no idea what covenants are, will read about it

URXO sharing also confuses me. is that an UTXO that can be spent by multiple pubkeys?

have to read more about lightning channels, they still confuse me

thank you for the information ⚡️

UTXO sharing involves multiple people having unique private keys to the same UTXO. LN is kind of an example already of UTXO sharing where 2 parties are sharing the same UTXO but this could scale that much higher.

Please read more info from following links:

utxos.org

hashrateindex.com/blog/op-ctv-bip-119-guide/