"Rhythmic Refrains: Counting Time through Duke Ellington and Fred Waller's Jazz Shorts"
In the 1920s and 1930s, Duke Ellington collaborated with several directors who narrativized his compositions for short films; Ellington's collaborations A Bundle of Blues (1933) and Symphony in Black (1935) with Fred Waller, Paramount's special‐effects man turned director, remain just out of step with the many other jazz shorts from the period. While synchronization was well‐utilized by the time Ellington and Waller's films were released, their films are notable for the absence of synchronized tap sounds.
#jazz #1930s
https://read.dukeupress.edu/liquid-blackness/article/7/2/28/382446
