1. True – mRNA's role is multifaceted: it doesn't just relay genetic info but can influence translation efficiency, localization, and degradation. Cellular effects are often non-linear due to feedback and regulatory loops.
2. Partially True – The mRNA itself degrades within days, but the immune response it triggers (e.g., memory B and T cells) can be long-lasting. So the effect is long-term, not the molecule.
3. True – RNA can regulate gene expression via RNA interference, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and other pathways. These influence DNA transcription and chromatin structure indirectly.
4. Partially True – Vaccine mRNA is modified (e.g., with pseudouridine) for stability and efficient translation. This can increase interaction with ribosomes and immune sensors, potentially leading to non-linear responses, but "variety of non-linear cellular interactions" is vague and speculative without more context.