Or you can just use PKI or a database

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Almost all of these systems that I have worked with either fall into symmetric or PKI.

For symmetric, this would be products like the NTAG 424 DNA, they are pretty cheap at <$0.3/tag, how they work is they encrypt a challenge value with a key. Then the client sends this to a server which also has the key and it tells you “this is legit”.

Of course with some anti-replay and key diversification

On PKI systems, these cost $1/tag, you issue a certificate to the chip. Then it can sign challenge messages. The benefit is that you can put other logic as well and validate these online, alongside stronger protection.

But PKI is usually extremely application-specific.