Single purpose, embedded relays on hardware.
Looking into that now with nostr:npub1k03rader0vm94j5ee8fg7pc2x9xkr2phu77sljas7qu5mh8mvgvqpe8rty 's Tollgates. (Wifi routers that pay each other to build a network)
A user gets whitelisted to talk to the embedded relay to handle the ecash payment over nostr, then a (nostr) management app publishes a session event that another router-specific (nostr) app picks up to open/close the gate for the user.
Throttling malicious traffic through cost right at the source might be helpful.
Large relays can impose a cost as well, but it's difficult for them to distinguish between spam and a request that contains e-cash/has value without wasting some resources on spam. Perhaps a combination of rate limiting through PoW and hardware accelerated filters could help to reduce costs for large relays of they still face this problem.
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