There are a few arguments against the ultimate success of Bitcoin.
1. It can fail on the Social Layer just like the ideals of Freedom fail on the Social Layer in communism, collectivism or totalitarianism. Despite Bitcoin existence, North Korea and China became only more powerful and more tyrannical in the recent years. The western countries are marching rapidly towards totalitarianism where private property and privacy may be gradually outlawed, along with Bitcoin. It may continue to exist in the underground, but choked off in the majority of the countries still operating under old fiat regimes. The Bitcoiners might be stuck between the tyrannical governments and the criminals hunting Bitcoiners down and robbing them of their Bitcoin. No place to hide.
2. Bitcoin transfers can be KYCed to death. It may split the network into the Compliant market coins, circulating only with tx kyc records approved by some compliance department and the Free market coins which may never touch any company or individual interacting with the Fiat world. You can hold your kyc free coins, but you can't purchase anything still attached to the fiat world. No house, no land, no air ticket. Just like cash is being gradually outlawed and limited to small purchases only. There are some ways around it, but it may be difficult for a few decades.
3. The 2nd or 3rd layer solutions are not easy to use in a self custodial manner, while base layer is extremely expensive. So only a small minority of people can afford to transact truly permisionlessly, while all the rest have to rely on custodial solutions. This will essentially mirror and recreate the current system - the small corrupt elite controlling majority of the supply and the powerless plebs controlling nothing. We may be stuck again in the same social/political structure as we are living in today. The nature of money may change, but the human nature stays the same.
Bitcoin is technology and yes, technologies have a tendency to improve the world, but that's not a guarantee. Despite wonderful technologies existing already for decades, they might not be adopted in some countries or regions, just because the local governments will prefer to starve the population to death rather than losing control over that population. Nikola Tesla's technologies haven't been adopted. More efficient hydrogen and electrical car motors invented a century ago haven't been adopted. Many technologies have been patented away and suppressed. Half of the world still doesn't have access to electricity, although it was invented 2 centuries ago.
The arguments against Bitcoin success that concern me the most are related to our Social Layer, because it cannot be fixed with code. Our Social Layer is our weakness as peoples minds are easier to corrupt than the distributed piece of tech code.
Don't know if these arguments have been already discussed, but I'll be happy to hear your responses and counter arguments.