Initially, TollGate used WiFi captive portals to accept e-cash for access to a gateway. TollGates were also able to buy internet access from each other using curl requests to their respective captive portals, thus allowing the user to be multiple hops away from a KYC internet connection.
Now TollGates are more modular and they use nostr events for interoperability between services. This enables users to make small, frequent data purchases without the bad UX of captive portals: