Is there a way to measure the true supply of Monero?

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you can issue a command to your node on cli to do this. I believe it checks the coinbase transactions, but I'm not absolutely sure.

is it an explicit or implicit check? I'm curious because, I believe, no amounts can really be viewed on chain without the view id. Do I have that right?

Correct, an amount cannot be viewed on chain without the view keys. There was a talk at Monero Topia yesterday where the guy said that the way it works is that Monero uses range proofs to prove that a value is a positive number and less than 2 to the power of 64. This has to be done because if there were a negative value the equation would still balance but a small negative number would generate a positive number of like 2 to the power of 200 and let you inflate the supply.

Very interesting! Okay. Hmm.

I don't think it's possible because amount are hidden, maybe there is a supply glitch ^^

That's what I was thinking 🤔

so if there is an inflation bug, would people know?

We need to keep in mind this is close to impossible, we need to trust only one thing: the code

It's open source and was checked many many times, it's robust. But you should not think a supply bug or exploit is impossible on public ledger like Bitcoin, it's possible and happened in the early days, it's was on some blockchain too and it took years to discover, maybe there is actually one glitch on Bitcoin and we don't know, maybe someone will find it or maybe not. After 10 years of battle-testing, If someone find a way to create fake Monero, this deserve respect ^^

Very true. Thank you for your feedback!

Block reward is transparent so you can literally count it up from genesis.

Or run a node.

oh that's interesting! I'd like to try that sometime.