From reading that article, Lexicons just sound like various note kinds, which are defined in the NIPS.

For instance, a kind 1 post is just a short text note and most clients can display kind 1 notes fine. They may make choices about how they render certain text within a kind 1. For instance, an image URL contained in a kind 1 is often rendered as the image itself. Same thing with video URLs. But a client could just render the URL text and make it clickable to open the media in a separate tab.

Meanwhile, there are also specific media kinds, too. Such as Kind 20 for images, kind 21 for videos, and kind 22 for short-form portrait videos.

You can find the definitions of all of these kinds and what they can, should, and must contain in the NIPs repo here:

https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nips

Most of them are pretty well defined. You will find that some clients don't always follow these definitions, though...

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Sort of but Kinds here can be pretty loose. Lexicons on ATproto can get very tight. Like taking Nostr Kinds and putting them in a Hollywood spy movie where the technician looks at the monitor and says "enhance". You've got schemas, and then sub-schemas, and even sub-sub-schemas.

It would be like Nostr having a developer-defined sub-schema for embedding, say, javascript charts in Kind1 posts. So ATporoto lexicons are living things. Kinds here tend to get locked down a little early (like we just hit "save and publish"), and if you a client wants to go down certain alleyways then either it's up to the client to just go down those alleyways and see, or there would be a need for a new Kind.

It's not so much about centralisation since ATproto lexicon development is pretty decentralised (arguably more so than Nostr). It's more about the way they're perceived.