Yes I am struggling to follow the point you are making. Gap in my knowledge about how the Internet/ nostr works behinds the scenes isn't helping.

Are nostr relays anonymous? Can authorities identify a nostr relay and fine them for sharing certain messages / content?

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Authorities can identify a Nostr relay and fine the operator for sharing content, yes. By design all relay content is public (for Nostr proper).

If the relay operator is outside of the UK then the operator can be charged in abstentia, can be prevented from entering the UK, can be prosecuted on entry to the UK, can be prevented from interfacing with UK businesses, etc.

That's terrible.

I need to clarify something. If I run my own nostr relay, how can an authority find me? Through ip address? Can using a vpn hide my location? How about tor, can that hide my identity?